Intermuscular fat is essential for enhancing the flavor and texture of cultured meat. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from intermuscular adipose tissues are a source of intermuscular fat. Therefore, as a step towards developing a platform to derive intermuscular fat from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for insertion between myofibrils in cultured beef, an advanced protocol of intermuscular adipose tissue dissociation effective to the isolation of MSCs from intermuscular adipose tissues was developed in cattle. To accomplish this, physical steps were added to the enzymatic dissociation of intermuscular adipose tissues, and the MSCs were established from primary cells dissociated with physical step-free and step-added enzymatic dissociation protocols. The application of a physical step (intensive shaking up) at 5 minutes intervals during enzymatic dissociation resulted in the greatest number of primary cells derived from intermuscular adipose tissues, showed effective formation of colony forming units-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) from the retrieved primary cells, and generated MSCs with no increase in doubling time. Thus, this protocol will contribute to the stable supply of good quality adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) as a fat source for the production of marbled cultured beef.

최근 청소년들은 다양한 요인으로 스트레스 상황이 많아지고, 스트레스 지수가 높아짐에 따라 사회적으로 큰 문제로 대두되고 있다. 청소년기 정신건강의 문제는 그 시기에만 국한되는 것이 아니라 성인기 정신건강에도 영향을 미치기 때문에 그 중요성이 점차 크게 인식되고 있다. 특히 그 중에서도 청소년기의 우울은 가정생활 과 학교생활에서의 부적응, 자살, 성인이 된 후의 정서장애와 높은 관련성을 나타내므로 그 심각성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 지속적으로 신뢰할 수 있는 방식이면서, 삶의 짊을 향상시키기 위해 반복적으로 실천할 수 있는 도구로, 마인드풀니스에 대한 관심이 부쩍 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 상용화된 게임에서 마인드풀니스 개념을 적용한 사례를 연구하고 이를 청소년을 위한 명상앱인 코알라에 적용하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 명상앱은 신체적 통증을 관리하거나 스트레스가 많은 상황에서 자신만의 차분한 대응이 필요할 때도 활용할 수 있고, 매일 지속적인 일상 습관 차원에서도 활용할 수 있다. 정적이고 지루하게 느껴질 수 있는 명상앱에 마인드풀 니스 게임 이론을 적용하여 청소년들의 흥미를 유발하여 지속적으로 어플리케이션을 사용할 수 있게 하는 것 이 이 연구의 목적이다

Spin-off pyroprocessing technology and inert anode materials to replace the conventional carbon-based smelting process for critical materials were introduced. Efforts to select inert anode materials through numerical analysis and selected experimental results were devised for the high-throughput reduction of oxide feedstocks. The electrochemical properties of the inert anode material were evaluated, and stable electrolysis behavior and CaCu generation were observed during molten salt recycling. Thereafter, CuTi was prepared by reacting rutile (TiO2) with CaCu in a Ti crucible. The formation of CuTi was confirmed when the concentration of CaO in the molten salt was controlled at 7.5mol%. A laboratory-scale electrorefining study was conducted using CuTi(Zr, Hf) alloys as the anodes, with a Ti electrodeposit conforming to the ASTM B299 standard recovered using a pilot-scale electrorefining device.

In this study, the acute toxicity of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév leaf hot-water extracts (DMWE) was examined in male and female ICR mice. Mice were orally administered the DMWE at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for single-dose toxicity test. There were no significant differences in change of BW between control and all DMWE treated-groups. In hematological and blood biochemical analysis, none of the parameters were affected by the DMWE. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver and kidney functions in all DMWE treated-groups. Since there were no adverse effects of the DMWE in single oral toxicity tests, even at the highest doses, it was concluded that the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of DMWE is estimated at > 2,000 mg/kg BW.

By adopting conversation analysis, this study examines how action formation and understanding displays construct a socially inept and humorous character in the TV sitcom, The Office. The analysis revealed two recurrent patterns in the main character’s interactions—improper action formation and insufficient understanding displays. Specifically, the findings showed that the main character, Michael, was construed as one that is unaware of his uncanny actions and unable to understand the interlocuter’s inferential and sarcastic remarks. The inserted interview scenes also highlighted that a conversational norm has been violated and contribute to the characterization of Michael as a quirky, socially incompetent worker. As a result, the collective sender is not only able to establish common ground with the audience but also dramatize the humorous potential of the episode. These analytic findings demonstrate that CA can be a rigorous tool for revealing the specific interactional devices that are exploited by scriptwriters to configure characters and infuse comical elements into TV sitcoms.

본 연구는 발가락 지방 소거 검사 시에 종종 저품질의 영상이 획득되는 경우에 주목하여 다양한 조절인자들을 조절하지 않아도 손쉽게 영상 품질을 향상하는 방법을 고안해보았다. 팬텀과 지원자를 대상으로 발 전용 코일만 사용한 경우와 추가 코일을 결합 사용한 경우의 영상을 획득 후 신호대 잡음비(SNR)를 측정하여 비교하였다. 시상면, 관상면, 축상면 모두 T2 Dixon을 시행하였고, 시상면의 경우 T2 지방 소거(FS)와 T1 지방 소거를 추가 시행하였다. 팬텀 검사에서 추가 코일을 결합 사용 시 SNR은 시상면의 경우 T2 Dixon water는 1.21배, T2 FS은 1.22배, T1 FS은 1.17배 향상되었다. 관상면 T2 Dixon water는 1.15배, 축상면 T2 Dixon water는 1.47배 향상되었다. 지원자 검사에서 추가 코일을 결합 사용 시 SNR은 시상면의 경우 T2 Dixon water는 2.07배, T2 FS은 5.17배, T1 FS은 3.20배 향상되었다. 관상면 T2 Dixon water는 1.20배, 축상면 T2 Dixon water는 1.37배 향상되었다. 추가 코일을 결합 사용하였을 때 모든 지방 소거 검사 및 모든 방향에서 SNR 향상의 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 결론적으로 사용자의 고도 기술 및 추가 검사 시간이 필요하지 않고도 SNR을 향상할 수 있음을 의미한다.

Interactional modification is important in SLA research because it involves correcting problematic L2 use. However, not all modifications will lead to pedagogical changes. Participants in conversational interactions are not always oriented to linguistic forms or functions. One way to address this dilemma is to examine the process by which participants come to terms with problematic L2 use in interactional exchanges. “Language moments” refer to cases in which L2 forms and functions are objects of interactive exchanges in L2 interactions. Through conversation analysis, the present study uncovered four different types in which participants in L2 interaction discovered and acted on language moments in terms of the degree of explicitness in recognizing and addressing problematic L2 use. This study used data from ESL classroom interactions that featured native teachers of English and L2 learners in an US context. This descriptive account of interactional processes might complement prior research studies that have focused on effects of interactional modification.

In many high-stakes testing situations, test-takers are not allowed to draw on external writing resources while writing, a practice observed more frequently in classroom settings. This may pose problems with the representativeness of test tasks and score interpretations. This study investigates the domain definition of one particular test known as the English Placement Writing Test within an argument-based validation framework. Focusing on the domain definition inference, the following rebuttal was evaluated: Certain essential contextual factors in the academic writing domain are not modeled in the test tasks. To do so, lower- and intermediate-level ESL students (n=92) who previously took the test were surveyed and interviewed regarding their uses of computerbased and face-to-face human-assisted writing tools. Results showed that students at both levels were statistically similar in their attitudes toward and uptakes of such tools while writing. The difference in availability of external writing tools between the target and test domain may point to issues with task authenticity of the test.

Removing CO2 gas to address the global climate crisis is one of the most urgent agendas. To improve the CO2 adsorption ability of activated carbon, nitrogen plasma surface treatment was conducted. The effect of nitrogen plasma treatment on the surface chemistry and pore geometry of activated carbon was extensively analyzed. The porosity and surface groups of the activated carbon varied with the plasma treatment time. By plasma treatment for a few minutes, the microporosity and surface functionality could be simultaneously controlled. The changed microporosity and nitrogen groups affected the CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2 adsorption selectivity over N2. This simultaneous surface etching and functionalization effect could be achieved with a short operating time and low energy consumption.

This study analyzes traditional women’s Hu costumes of the Tang dynasty, and deploys a creative fashion design to converge contemporary and traditional styles. In this costume, women wear a robe with striped or plain patterns in the lower part of the pants, and it appears frequently in red and yellow colors. Depending on the sleeve, it is either a round collar or a turn down collar robe. In the Hu hat, the huntuomao and juanyanxumao were leather and mili and weimao were used to prevent the sand from flowing. This study uses the CLO 3D program with the “moment” theme based on the Hu costume for women to deploy 4 pairs of fashion design and to produce works for 2 pairs. The 3D virtual clothing program demonstrates important effects in design deployment and pattern arrangement through its efficiency and convenience of clothing production. The CLO 3D program was closely combined with the 2D design and the 3D affect, and it heightened the efficiency in saving the processing time and energy of the sample clothes. Through facilitating the 3D digital fashion design, the production may reduce time needed and contribute to an effective economy, and it may compare digital fashion design to actual products as well as illustrate the potential of digital fashion design.

This study aims to use Art brut works—the artwork of the socially underprivileged and alienated—to influence social roles in fashion design, employing a formative expression method to promote social acceptance of diversity in the industry. The research method involved investigating Art brut’s concept and evolution in domestic and foreign literature and previous studies. The formative characteristics of the movement were derived by analyzing the works of Art brut artist Johann Hauser. One hundred and twenty images of Johann’s work were collected through online sources like the Gugging Museum’s website, Christian Berst Gallery’s website were developed as fashion design using the CLO 3D program. The formative characteristics of Johann’s works appeared to be transparent overlapping, divisional decorativeness emphasized simplicity, and vibrant chromaticity. Based on this analysis, the results of the 3D digital fashion designs were as follows. First, the characteristics of the atypical objects and figures in Johann’s works were applied to the design silhouette, revealing a uniquely beautiful form. Second, Johann used a method in which numerous line shapes overlap and fill the area. The point of connecting the work is expressed as a graphic pattern by decorating the lines of the hem and hem of the garment with piping or attaching overlapping straps on top of pants and dresses. Third, the combination of overlapping colors used in Johann’s work is a color block design of fashion, which utilizes the formative fun.

Devices with negative differential transconductance (NDT) and negative differential resistance (NDR) have shown a strong potential for digital electronics with high information density due to their N-shaped current–voltage (I–V) characteristics leading to multiple threshold voltages ( Vths). The 2D materials, such as graphene, hBN, MoS2, WS2, etc., offer an attractive platform to achieve NDT and NDR because of the absence of dangling bonds on the surface, leading to a high-quality interface between the layers. The 2D materials' unique property of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions without dangling bonds on the heterostructure devices shows the way for the applications more than-Moore devices. This review holds a well-timed overview of 2D materials-based devices to develop future multi-valued logic (MVL) circuits exhibiting high information density. Notably, the recent advances in emerging 2D materials are reviewed to support the directions for future research on MVL applications.

This study aims to analyze research trends regarding outdoor wear. For this purpose, the data-collection period was limited to January 2002–October 2022, and the collection consisted of titles of papers, academic names, abstracts, and publication years from the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS). Frequency analysis was conducted on 227 papers in total to check academic journals and annual trends, and LDA topic-modeling analysis was conducted using 20,964 tokens. Data pre-processing was performed prior to topic-modeling analysis; after that, topic-modeling analysis, core topic derivation, and visualization were performed using a Python algorithm. A total of eight topics were obtained from the comprehensive analysis: experiential marketing and lifestyle, property and evaluation of outdoor wear, design and patterns of outdoor wear, outdoor-wear purchase behavior, color, designs and materials of outdoor wear, promotional strategies for outdoor wear, purchase intention and satisfaction depending on the brand image of outdoor wear, differences in outdoor wear preferences by consumer group. The results of topic-modeling analysis revealed that the topic, which includes a study on the design and material of outdoor wear and the pattern of jackets related to the overall shape, was the highest at 30.9% of the total topics. The next highest topic was also the design and color of outdoor wear, indicating that design-related research was the main research topic in outdoor wear research. It is hoped that analyzing outdoor wear research will help comprehend the research conducted thus far and reveal future directions.

본 연구에서 Nematus tibialis를 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 이 종의 사진과 진단, 색 변이, 발육 단계와 분포 등을 제공하였다.

본 연구에서 Pemphigus bursarius를 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 이 종의 분포지역, 기주식물, 형태학적 정보를 제공한다.

In order to humanize and contextualize ESL/EFL learning, poetry writing has been suggested and considered as an effective strategy for meaningful literacy. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence for the pedagogical significance of poetry writing on language learning. To make up for the dearth of research about poetry writing, the present study explored to what extent a primary English language learner can express herself through poetry writing in an American classroom and the significance of poetry writing as meaningful literacy in ESL/EFL learning. Adopting a qualitative research approach, this small-scale case study conducted textual analyses of a young English language learner’s poetry works and in-depth interviews with her. Findings suggest that poetry writing encouraged the participant learner to express herself with her own voice, enhanced her L2 linguistic awareness, provided meaningful learning opportunities―authorship and readership―, and motivated the learner to overcome challenges as an English language learner. The present study contributes to the understanding of young English language learners’ poetry writing in the field.

We investigate the astronomical phenomenon records of Sukjong’s 𝐶ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑔-𝐼𝑙𝑔𝑖 made by 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑤𝑜𝑛 (Royal Educational Office of the Crown Prince) at which King Sukjong was the crown prince (i.e., 1667 January 24–1674 September 22). From the daily records of 2,799 days, we extract the astronomical records of 1,443 days and classify them into 14 categories. Then, we group the records of each category into five phenomena (Atmosphere, Eclipse, Daylight Appearance, Apparition, and Appulse) and compare them with the results of modern astronomical computations wherever possible. Except for Atmosphere group comprising records of meteorological events, such as solar halo, lunar halo, and unusual clouds, the significant findings in every other group are as follows: In Eclipse group, the solar eclipse that occurred on 1673 August 12 was unobservable in Korea, which is in contrast to the record of 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑗𝑜-𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑘 (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), which states that the sun was in eclipse around sunset time, as observed at 𝑁𝑎𝑚 mountain. From the lunar eclipse records, we verify that the Joseon court did not change the date of the events observed after midnight. In Daylight Appearance group, we confirm that this phenomenon was observed during the daytime and not during twilight. We further suggest that if observation conditions are met, a celestial body brighter than −2.3 mag could be seen during the daytime with the naked-eye. In Apparition group, we find the possibilities that the Orionid meteor shower had influence on the meteor records and the seasonality on the aurora records. We also find that the Korean records in which the coma of comet C/1668 E1 was located below the horizon were overlooked in previous studies. Finally, we find that the records of Appulse group generally agree with the results of modern calculations. The records of 𝐵𝑒𝑜𝑚 (trespass in literal) and 𝑆𝑖𝑘 (eating in literal) events show average angular separations of 1.2◦ and 1.0◦, respectively. In conclusion, we believe this work helps study the astronomical records of other logs of 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑤𝑜𝑛, such as Sunjong’s 𝐶ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑔-𝐼𝑙𝑔𝑖.

We investigate the diffusion process of Thomson-scattered line photons in both real space and frequency space through a Monte Carlo approach. The emission source is assumed to be monochromatic and point-like embedded at the center of a free electron region in the form of a sphere and a slab. In the case of a spherical region, the line profiles emergent at a location of Thomson optical depth τTh from the source exhibit the full width of the half maximum σλ ≃ τ 1.5 Th . In the slab case, we focus on the polarization behavior where the polarization direction flips from the normal direction of the slab to the parallel as the slab optical depth τTh increases from τTh ≪ 1 to τTh ≫ 1. We propose that the polarization flip to the parallel direction to the slab surface in optically thick slabs is attributed to the robustness of the Stokes parameter Q along the vertical axis with respect to the observer’s line of sight whereas randomization dominates the remaining region as τTh increases. A brief discussion on the importance of our study is presented.

Undenatured castor oil and trimethylolpropane (TMP) were used to obtain bio-based water-based polyurethane. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) was incorporated into the formulation to obtain a transparent film, and ethylenediamine (EDA) was used for chain extension. In order to measure the change in physical properties according to the contents of castor oil and TMP, each tensile strength, elongation, and abrasion resistance test was conducted. As the contents of castor oil and TMP increased, the tensile strength increased, the elongation decreased, and the surface hardened strongly as the respective contents increased.

Given the domestic situation, all nuclear power plants are located at the seaside, where interim storage sites are also likely to be located and maritime transportation is considered inevitable. Currently, Korea does not have an independently developed maritime transportation risk assessment code, and no research has been conducted to evaluate the release rate of radioactive waste from a submerged transportation cask in the sea. Therefore, secure technology is necessary to assess the impact of immersion accidents and establish a regulatory framework to assess, mitigate, and prevent maritime transportation accidents causing serious radiological consequences. The flow rate through a gap in a containment boundary should be calculated to determine the accurate release rate of radionuclides. The fluid flow through the micro-scale gap can be evaluated by combining the flow inside and outside the transportation cask. In this study, detailed computational fluid dynamic and simplified models are constructed to evaluate the internal flow in a transportation cask and to capture the flow and heat transfer around the transportation cask in the sea, respectively. In the future, fluid flow through the gap will be evaluated by coupling the models developed in this study.