James S. Gale (1863-1937), a Protestant missionary to Korea (1888~1927), was well-known for his extensive and profound influence on Korean studies and for his translation of the Cloud Dream of Nine (九雲夢), which was the first Korean classical novel translated into English by a Westerner. However, it is not well-known that Gale published a translation of the Great Learning (Daxue, 1924) and arranged for the publication of the Mean of the Doctrine, the Analects and Mencius. This is because it was known that Gale regarded Chinese characters and Confucian scriptures as obstacles to establishing the Christianity during his early period of mission in Korea. This paper examined the change of Gale’s perspective of Chinese characters and the characteristics of Gale’s Daxue. The analysis compares Gale and James Legg in their translations of the Chinese characters ‘命,’ ‘天,’ ‘明’ and ‘君子’ He employed the pure Korean word ‘Hananim’ for ‘God’ from a traditional Korean religion and its Korean etymology, while he rejected the use of Sino-Korean ‘Sangje上帝’, or ‘Chunju天主’ in the Korean Bible. Gale subsequently translated Daxue from a Korean point of view. However, his Korean perspective is mingled with Christianized concepts, which are illustrated in his translation of ‘命’ as ‘God’s command’ ‘天’ as ‘God’ ‘明’ as ‘glory,’ and ‘君子’ as ‘good man’ and ‘godly man.’

This study addresses the lack of comprehension data in second language acquisition research by focusing on English existential there-constructions (ETCs) with a locative extension (e.g., there is an X on the Y). The post-copular noun X used in the present study consisted of two types: actual and nonsense. Participants included 40 native speakers, as well as 40 advanced and 40 intermediate Korean learners of English, who completed an online picture selection task. In one picture, X was placed on the nearby Y; in another picture, X was placed on the far Y. The choice of both pictures was the correct response because ETCs are used to describe the existence of something regardless of its distance. There was a statistically significant relationship between English proficiency and the interpretation of ETCs. However, there was no relationship between the noun type and the interpretation of ETCs. In the Korean English curriculum, the distinction between expletive there and locative there must be emphasized.

Nearpod, an online teaching cloud-based platform, offers great potential to generate pedagogical tasks and yield better results in teaching communication skills. This study thus examined the effects of Nearpod-based English-speaking classes. To this end, one-on-one speaking tests were conducted twice in a semester, and a questionnaire was administered to assess university students’ perceptions of the usefulness of Nearpod in offline classroom. The participants comprised 39 university students who took a mandatory English class titled Communication in English. The paired samples t-test results indicated that the students’ overall speaking performance has improved over time. Specifically, compared to the high-level students, the low-level students showed a significant increase in speaking performance. The questionnaire analysis demonstrated that most students were satisfied with Nearpod-based English speaking classes because of enhanced interest, active participation in class, and increased interaction with class content and peers. The pedagogical implications are suggested and the limitations of the study are further discussed.

선박의 운항이 유인(有人)으로부터 무인(無人)상태로 변화함에 관한 새로운 기술의 등장은, 사람의 탑승을 전제로 하여 마련되었던 전통적인 법적 패러다 임의 근본적인 변화를 가져오게 될 것이다. 본 논문은 자율운항 선박의 AI 및 사이버보안과 같은 신기술이 영국 법제하에서 책임 및 해상보험에 어떠한 영향 을 미칠지에 특히 관심을 기울이고자 하였다. 자율운항선박의 개념에 관하여 간단히 소개를 한 뒤, 영국 법과 법원이 자율주행차량 및 자율운항기체에 관해 어떠한 입장을 가지고 있는지와 자율주행차량의 보험제도 등을 다루기 위해 새 로이 입법된 영국 Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018을 소개한다. 영국법제하에서의 AI 책임 문제에 관하여서는 AI의 법적 지위에 기반하여, 패러다 임 시프트가 일어나는 동안의 현실과 법제의 괴리를 해소하기 위한 제안을 하 고자 노력하였다. 마지막으로, 해상보험 관련법의 해석 관련, AI 및 사이버보안 등은 자율운항선박 감항성의 요인으로서 묵시적 보증의 요소가 될 수 있으며 나아가 예측가능하지 않은 수준의 사이버보안 문제 등도 부보가능한 위험으로 해석하여야 함을 밝히고자 하였다. 다시 말해, 본 논문의 목적은 신기술이 영국 법제하에서 자율운항선박 관련 영향을 미칠 수 있는 분야를 개괄적으로 제시하 고 그에 관하여 발생할 수 있는 법적 문제를 포괄적으로 정리하는 데에 있다고 하겠다.

담낭암은 드물지만 치명적인 악성 종양으로 초기에는 증상이 없어 대부분의 담낭암이 늦게 진단되고, 급속하게 인접 장기로 전이되기 때문에 예후가 불량하다. 따라서 담낭암을 조기에 발견하는 경우는 드물고, 담낭담석이나 용종으로 수술적 절제를 시행한 후 우연히 발견되는 때가 대부분이다. 저자들은 급성 무결석 담낭염 환자에서 초음파 내시경을 통해 비교적 조기에 담낭관암을 발견하여 성공적으로 치료할 수 있었던 증례를 경험하였다. 이에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.