DEA(data envelopment analysis) is a technique for evaluation of relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) that have multiple input and output. A DEA model measures the efficiency of a DMU by the relative position of the DMU’s input and output in the production possibility set defined by the input and output of the DMUs being compared. In this paper, we proposed several DEA models measuring the multi-period efficiency of a DMU. First, we defined the input and output data that make a production possibility set as the spanning set. We proposed several spanning sets containing input and output of entire periods for measuring the multi-period efficiency of a DMU. We defined the production possibility sets with the proposed spanning sets and gave DEA models under the production possibility sets. Some models measure the efficiency score of each period of a DMU and others measure the integrated efficiency score of the DMU over the entire period. For the test, we applied the models to the sample data set from a long term university student training project. The results show that the suggested models may have the better discrimination power than CCR based results while the ranking of DMUs is not different.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a plan to improve the level of acceptance of related technologies and the transition to smart factories of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises by using ‘technology readiness’ and ‘integrated technology acceptance model’. To this end, the research hypothesis was verified by collecting questionnaire data from 130 small and medium- sized manufacturing companies in Korea and conducting path analysis. First, optimism affects performance expectations, social influence, and facilitation conditions, innovation affects performance expectations, effort expectations, and social influence, discomfort affects performance expectations, social influence, and facilitation conditions, and anxiety affects effort expectations, social influence and facilitation conditions. has been proven to affect Finally, performance expectations, effort expectations, social influence, and facilitation conditions were verified to have a significant positive effect on the intention to accept technology.

현대의 기술은 비약적으로 발전하고 있으나 그러한 기술적 진보가 안전수준 의 향상도에 직접적으로 비례하지는 않는다. 새로운 기술과 그것의 운용은 또 다른 위험요소를 낳기 때문이다. 본 논문은 현대 해사에서 최신기술의 집약체 인 자율운항선박의 안전관리를 현행 ISM Code상 규정에 근거하여 검토한다. 먼저 ISM Code상 핵심주체들의 역할과 책임을 자율운항선박에 적용 가능한지 분석해 보고, 특히 ISM Code에서 정의하는 선장의 책임과 권한이 자율운항선 박에서 어떻게 적용되어야 할 것인지를 집중적으로 살펴본다. 또한 현행 ISM Code상 핵심주체의 역할에 더하여 원격운항센터, 원격운항자, 사이버보안 등 추가적으로 ISM Code에 규정되어야 하는 부분에 대해서도 접근 방향을 제시한 다. 특히 원격운항의 도입에 따른 공백을 채우기 위해 자율운항 단계별로 새로 운 역할의 도입을 제안한다. 이로써 이 논문은 자율운항선박에 대한 효과적인 안전관리를 위한 안전관리체제의 틀을 제시한다.

The present study analyzed small group interaction in the videoconferencing-mediated English class at a university in South Korea. Adopting the ‘affordance’ construct (van Lier, 2004) as a conceptual framework for interpreting small group work, the goals of the research are to 1) identify the types of linguistic affordances emerging in videoconferencing-mediated small group work and 2) examine learners’ perceptions and responses to the linguistic affordances. Data were collected from two major sources: 40 video recording files of small group observation and post-class interviews with four students. The paper analyzed 13 extracts selected from the transcription of the video recordings. The overall results of the research suggest that a range of linguistic affordances emerged through interaction and participants responded to the affordances they perceived in various ways. Three types of linguistic affordances were observed in the data: technology-generated affordances, learner-generated affordances, and learner-to-learner-generated affordances. The study findings have important implications for providing new insights into the operationalization of the affordance construct as well as advancing the understanding of the affordance perspective of L2 learning.

This study examines the concept of Korean ethnicity by looking into how the Choseonjok, ethnic return migrants from China, are perceived in online news comments. Data were collected from 3,109 comments, which were written in response to 28 news articles regarding the Choseonjok, and analyzed using a Python-based text-mining technique and critical discourse analysis. The findings show that the commenters perceived the Choseonjok negatively, including as potential criminals or social vice. They not only placed the Choseonjok in an inferior position to pure Koreans but also excluded them from the category of compatriots, arguing that speaking the same language and sharing a similar appearance were not enough to make the ethnic return migrants Korean compatriots. This study critically demonstrates how a group of ethnic return migrants is depicted in online public discourses and how this portrayal can shed light on the conceptualization of Korean ethnicity in this era of multiculturalism.

The Act on the Punishment of Serious Accidents to Prevent Large-scale Disasters, including Ferry Sewol and Taean Thermal Power Plant, passed the National Assembly on January 8, 2021, and has been in effect since January 27, 2022. However, the law, in which the representative of the headquarters is unlimitedly responsible for each worker's accident, is somewhat unreasonable at a time when a company owns dozens to hundreds of construction sites due to the nature of the construction industry. I agree with the purpose of enacting the law to reduce chronic serious accidents at construction sites, but it is necessary to carefully reconsider the implementation of the law in that punishment alone cannot achieve industrial safety. Previous studies focused on revising the Occupational Safety and Health Act, but there are few studies on the impact on the construction industry after the implementation of the Serious Accident Act. Therefore, this study attempts to derive problems related to the application of the Serious Accident Act and present improvement measures. To this end, after analyzing previous studies, SWOT analysis was performed by applying the Delphi method to derive strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In addition, the results of two surveys of safety experts such as public institutions, academia, and companies were reflected, and its countermeasures were presented as follows. S/O strategy: establishing on-site execution capabilities of health and safety management system; W/O strategy: expanding legal and system execution checks; S/T strategy: establishing a risk response system; W/T strategy: expanding consulting by external specialized institutions

While the use of metadiscourse in L2 writing has received considerable attention in the past, little effort has been made to examine how L2 writers’ use of metadiscourse in academic writing has evolved over time. In addressing this, the present study explored a diachronic evolution of interactional metadiscourse in research articles (RAs) published across a span of 40 years (1980-2021) in English Teaching. Based on 931 articles consisting of 6.4 million words, we examined whether the use of interactional metadiscourse has changed over the past 40 years. Our findings revealed that there was a global decrease in interactional metadiscourse over the past 40 years. While the frequency and diversity of interactional metadiscourse have slightly decreased over time, the proportion of each metadiscourse category remained consistent. The study further suggests that Korean L2 scholars who publish in English Teaching tend to hedge more than they boost or use attitude markers compared to those who publish in global journals.

In this paper, we investigate the requirements of QPA(Quality Process Audit), which is a process quality audit system for secondary defense contractors, compared with those of DQMS(Defense Quality Management System). And evaluate whether the deployment of QPA meets the DQMS certification requirements through the case example of Company H. The evaluation items of QPA are composed of five categories such as Material Management, Incoming Inspection, Manufacturing Process, Product Evaluation, and Packaging Management. The QPA requirements are mainly related to the chapter 7(support) and chapter 8(operation) of DQMS standards. In this view point, QPA can be expected as an effective audit for suppliers preparing for DQMS certification. In the case example, we evaluate the results and effects of improvement due to QPA and compare it with the case of DQMS. QPA can be used as appropriate quality management standards of secondary and tertiary defense contractors and can provide the basis guidelines for the preparation of implementation steps in DQMS certification.

이 글은 예이츠와 엘리엇에 대한 연구로서 이 두 시인 각각의 시적 화 자에 대한 표현 방법을 살펴 본 것이다. 예이츠의 경우, 비교적 시적 화자가 곧 예이 츠 자신과 일치하는 경향을 보이고 있는데 그는 주로 상징에 의하여 시적화자의 의도 를 드러내고 있다. 반면에 엘리엇은 작품창작과정에서 그 자신을 드러내지 않기 위해 서 시적 화자를 다른 인물들로 설정하는 경향을 보인다. 그러나 두 시인에게 공통점은 시적 화자를 드러내거나 감추고 있지만 객관성을 추구한다는 점에 있어서는 서로 유 사하다고 볼 수 있다.

Most of the predictions using machine learning are neutral predictions considering the symmetrical situation where the predicted value is not smaller or larger than the actual value. However, in some situations, asymmetric prediction such as over-prediction or under-prediction may be better than neutral prediction, and it can induce better judgment by providing various predictions to decision makers. A method called Asymmetric Twin Support Vector Regression (ATSVR) using TSVR(Twin Support Vector Regression), which has a fast calculation time, was proposed by controlling the asymmetry of the upper and lower widths of the ε-tube and the asymmetry of the penalty with two parameters. In addition, by applying the existing GSVQR and the proposed ATSVR, prediction using the prediction propensities of over-prediction, under-prediction, and neutral prediction was performed. When two parameters were used for both GSVQR and ATSVR, it was possible to predict according to the prediction propensity, and ATSVR was found to be more than twice as fast in terms of calculation time. On the other hand, in terms of accuracy, there was no significant difference between ATSVR and GSVQR, but it was found that GSVQR reflected the prediction propensity better than ATSVR when checking the figures. The accuracy of under-prediction or over-prediction was lower than that of neutral prediction. It seems that using both parameters rather than using one of the two parameters (p_1,p_2) increases the change in the prediction tendency. However, depending on the situation, it may be better to use only one of the two parameters.

This study reports Chinese and Korean university EFL students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward online and face-to-face English language learning modes during COVID-19. Few previous studies have focused on how students thought of online and face-to-face learning experiences of subjects regarding new concept learning and delivery of new contents. Research gravitating around English courses showed students' mixed perceptions. The survey was conducted for 302 Korean and 337 Chinese university students who took communication-oriented English courses. Descriptive statistics and qualitative data analysis were used for analysis. Results indicated that students preferred face-to-face English learning with some specific indications of achieving a stronger help and quality for communicative competence in language. Online learning also benefited students with a sense of both flexibility and independence. Positive components of face-to-face learning for language education might be considered for online education while incorporation features such as flexibility and independence to enrich language education during COVID-19.

A cold roll-bonding process using AA1050, AA5052 and AA6061 alloy sheets is performed without lubrication. The roll-bonded specimen is a multi-layer complex aluminum alloy sheet in which the AA1050, AA5052 and AA6061 sheets are alternately stacked. The microstructural evolution with the increase of annealing temperature for the roll-bonded aluminum sheet is investigated in detail. The roll-bonded aluminum sheet shows a typical deformation structure in which the grains are elongated in the rolling direction over all regions. However, microstructural evolution of the annealed specimen is different depending on the type of material, resulting in a heterogeneous microstructure in the thickness direction of the layered aluminum sheet. Complete recrystallization occurs at 250 oC in the AA5052 region, which is lower by 100K than that of the AA1050 region. Variation of the misorientation angle distribution and texture development with increase of annealing temperature also differ depending on the type of material. Differences of microstructural evolution between aluminum alloys with increase of annealing temperature can be mainly explained in terms of amounts of impurities and initial grain size.

WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is called a wavelength division multiplexing optical transmission method and is a next-generation optical transmission technology. Case company F has recently developed and sold PLC(Planar Lightwave Circuit), a key element necessary for WDM system production. Although Chinese processing companies are being used as a global outsourcing strategy to increase price competitiveness by lowering manufacturing unit prices, the average defect rate of products manufactured by Chinese processing companies is more than 50%, causing many problems. However, Chinese processing companies are trying to avoid responsibility, saying that the cause of the defect is the defective PLC Wafer provided by Company F. Therefore, in this study, the responsibility of the PLC defect is clearly identified through estimating the defect rate of PLC using the sampling inspection method, and the improvement plan for each cause of the PLC defect for PLC yeild improvement is proposed. The result of this research will greatly contribute to eliminating the controversy over providing the cause of defects between global outsourcing companies and the head office. In addition, it is expected to form a partnership with Company F and a Chinese processing company, which will serve as a cornerstone for successful global outsourcing. In the future, it is necessary to increase the reliability of the PLC yield calculation by extracting more precisely the number of defects.

This study is a follow-up of Lee (2018) providing a quantitative variationist analysis on the variation of English loanword expressions for ‘smartphone application’ in Korean: ayp, ephul, ayphullikheyisyen, and ephullikheyisyen. Two different data sets including search term frequency ratio from Naver Data Lab and sociolinguistic survey responses from 335 participants regarding the usage of the four loanword variants were examined to identify the usage pattern of the lexical variable. Both search term frequency data and survey responses confirmed that the usage of clipped variants, ayp and ephul, were clearly preferred to their full-formed variants. Logistic regression analyses on the survey data reported that survey takers with higher educational background and more experience in English speaking countries favored using ayp and ayphullikheyisyen. This study argues that Korean speakers with higher education background and more exposure to English favored ay- variants because they considered those variants as more appropriately generated loanwords than evariants.

Military aircraft R&D projects require large-scale investment in cost and time, and involve a complex coordination process in decision-making. The R&D project manager should determine the development management priorities as accurately as possible and focus on R&D capabilities, thereby reducing the risks of the aircraft R&D project. To this end, this study aims to reduce R&D risk by prioritizing cost, schedule, and performance, which are basic management factors used in R&D project management in defense project management regulations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied using a questionnaire for managers in charge of aviation R&D under the Defense Acquisition Program Administration. As a primary result, the importance of the factors that the aircraft R&D project manager should consider was derived in the order of performance, cost, and schedule, and the priorities of performance and cost in the lower layer were also identified. In addition, in order to provide practical risk management measures to aircraft R&D project managers, the results of analyzing 28 cases of US National Transportation Safety Board accidents were compared and analyzed with the AHP analysis results, and management measures suitable for the situation were specified.

Rice is widely dominated by two strain, Indica (Oryza sativa indica) and Japonica (Oryza sativa japonica), and there is a great amount of the genetic diversity between two strain. Understanding the genetic difference and variants between two strain requires high-quality reference genome information. While Nipponbare, a japonica reference sequence, has been mainly used as the rice reference genome, the Indica reference sequences, R93-11 and R498, were recently published. Based on the two reference sequences, in this study, we investigated the effect of the reference genome in the rice genetic study. To this end, we utilized relevant bioinformatic tools and statistical methods to analyze all possible combinations of the reference genome and the variety. In this way, we suggested possible combinations of the reference sequence and the variety suitable for the genetic study of rice.