일반적인 중국어 독자는 약 3000개의 독특한 문자를 기억해야지만, 일상적인 글 읽기에 대처할 수 있는데, 이 때 사용되는 대부분의 글자들은 본인의 대량의 필사를 통하여 학습해 얻은 것이다. 이 때 학습자가 학습하는 필순은 이미 수천 년의 역사를 가지고 있다. 이론상으로 말하면, 독자는 글자를 식별하는 것만 필요 하고, 정확한 필순을 공부하는 것은 불필요하다. 뇌에 어떤 형상이 형성되는 과정 에 대한 연구에서는, 중문의 독해 능력은 업무를 수행하는 기억 속의 시각 공간 처리와 관계가 있다는 것을 보여준다. 때문에, 본 연구는 중문 독해와 관계있는 여러 요소와 시각 공간 기억의 관계를 연구하여 밝히는 것이며, 아울러 중문 독해 중 필순에 대한 인식이 필요한지 아닌지를 연구 토론해 보고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상은 북경의 한 초등학교에서 공부하는 1학년 학생 40명으로, 연구 과정 중에서 비언어 지능 지수, 독해의 표현, 필획과 부건에 대한 단기 기억과 그 들이 익숙하거나 생소한 한자에 대한 필순의 정확성을 측정하였다. 결과는 필획의 기억과 독해 능력 표현은 확실한 관련성이 있고, 필순과도 관련 있다는 것을 보여준다. 부건에 대한 단기 기억과 독해 능력은 무관하였으나, 생소 한 어휘의 필순의 정확성을 판별하는데 대해서는 오히려 관련성이 있었다. 또한, 필순과 독해 능력 표현은 강한 상관성이 있었다. 총체적으로 필순에 대하여 정확 성은 독해 능력 표현의 중요한 지표가 되었다. 익숙한 어휘의 필순 정확성은 또한 생소한 어휘의 필순 정확성의 지표가 되기도 하였다. 요컨대, 필획에 대한 단기 기억이 부건에 대한 단기 기억보다 더욱 중요하였음을 보여주고 있으며, 정확한 필순의 인식은 중국어 속의 독해 능력에 아주 중요한 영향을 끼치고 있음을 알 수 있다.

Porcine Circovirus Type2 (PCV2), a single-stranded DNA virus associated with Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS) of swine, has two major open reading frames, ORF1 and ORF2. The genomic size and molecular weight of ORF2 is respectively 699bp, 28kDa. ORF2 encodes the capsid protein (structural protein) that has type-specific epitopes and is very immunogenic and associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting its potential use in diagnostic assays as well as vaccine development. For efficient production of the capsid proteins, we expressed the PCV2 ORF2 gene with baculovirus in the insect cells. In this study, PCV2 ORF2 was appropriately ligated into the baculovirus transfer vector, pBacPAK9 and pB9-Acpol19-110-EK. Sf21 cells were transfected with a mixture of the purified recombinant transfer vector and bAcGOZA. We generated and purified recombinant viruses containing PCV2 ORF2, and named rAc-B9-PCV2ORF2 and rAc-B9-19-110-EK-PCV2ORF2, respectively. Expression levels of capsid fusion proteins with a partial polyhedrin region of AcNPV more increased than recombinant proteins from non-fusion expressed. Also, expression efficiency increased over time and differed at MOI. As a results, fusion expression of porcine circovirus type2 ORF2 using baculovirus could be utilized as an alternative expression method to produce recombinant antigen against PCV2 infection and is worthy of further investigation.

Aujeszky's disease (AD), also called pseudorabies, is an infectious viral disease caused by an alpha herpes virus and has domestic and wild pigs, as well as a wide range of domestic and wild animals, as the natural host. Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) virions contain several envelope glycoproteins. Among them, glycoproteins gB, gC and gD are regarded as the major immunogenicity proteins and the antibodies induced by them can neutralize virus in vitro or in vivo. In this study, we investigated expression of these glycoproteins using the bacterial and baculovirus expressionn system. Successful expression of ADV glycoproteins in E. coli was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis and their optimal expression condition was determined. However, the recombinant proteins generated in the bacterial expression system which lacks glycosylation process frequently lose their biological activity. We tried to express the ADV glycoproteins using the baculovirus expression vector system. The recombinant gB, gC and gD were detected at approximately 100, 60 and 50 kDa on SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, respectively. The optimal expression conditions were determined for MOI(multiplicity of infection) and post-infection days. One MOI and 4 or 5 days post-infection were the best conditions for the expression of the ADV glycoproteins in Sf21 cells. We are currently investigating the antigenicity of recombinant proteins using experimental animals.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the nerippe fritillary butterfly, Argynnis nerippe, which is listed as an endangered species in Korea, is described with an emphasis on the A+T-rich region. The 15,140-bp long circular molecule consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one control region, known in insect as the A+T-rich region, as found in typical metazoans. The 329-bp long A+T-rich region located between srRNA and tRNAMet possessed the highest A/T content (95.7%) than any other region of the genome. Along with the several conserved sequences found typically in the lepidopteran insects the genome contained one tRNAMet-like and tRNALeu(UUR) -like sequence in the A+T-rich region.

The seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), known also as the seven-spot ladybird, is natural enemy for aphids and has a broad ecological range, living almost anywhere there are aphids for it to eat. In order to understand the genetic diversity and geographic variation of the species we sequenced a portion of mitochondrial COI gene (658 bp) and complete nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) collected from nine Korean localities. A total of 21 haplotypes (CSCOI01 ~ CSCOI21), with the maximum sequence divergence of 4.56% (30 bp) were obtained from COI gene sequence (from 78 individuals), whereas 65 sequence types (CSITS201 ~ CSITS265), with the maximum sequence divergence of 2.06% (11 positions) were obtained from ITS2 (from 79 individuals), indicating substantially larger sequence divergence in mitochondrial gene sequence. Both COI gene and ITS2 shows the distribution pattern that only a few haplotypes or sequence types are widely distributed, whereas majority of them are highly restricted in one geographic location, even represented as a single individual. Unlikely the ITS2 sequence types the mitochondrial COI haplotypes evidenced the presence of two main phylogenetic groups, reciprocally monophyletic to each other. Geographically, these two groups are spread in all localities surveyed. Considering both COI gene and ITS2 sequence together, current our data may suggest the presence of ancestral polymorphism, rather than on-going speciation, but more scrutinized analysis will be performed soon. Due partially by the presence of both COI groups in all surveyed localities, the genetic diversity estimates of all localities are similar from the perspective of COI gene, but ITS data showed extremely lower genetic diversity of one islet locality, Anmyeon-do (locality 2; 0.002530 vs. 0.008054 ~ 0.012060). Analysis of gene flew estimates between localities indicates that most populations are highly interconnected to each other. However, one islet locality, Anmyeon-do (locality) has shown statistically significant distance from the remaining localities on the basis of only ITS2 data (FST = 0.19 ~ 0.34), requiring scrutinized phylogeographic inference on this population with expanded sampling. As more scrutinized analysis is performed, further fruitful inference on the geographic contour of the species might be available.

The seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has a broad ecological range, living almost anywhere there are aphids for feeding. In this study, we isolated and characterized a total of 10 microsatellite loci from the species. The loci were validated and characterized using 25 samples collected from five Korean localities. The number of alleles and heterozygosity observed at each locus ranged from 4 to 16 and from 0.37 to 0.89, respectively. None of the loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there was no indication of significant linkage disequilibrium among pairs of loci. These microsatellite markers should be very valuable markers for population genetic studies of Coccinella septempunctata.

The four genetically distinct isolates have been identified previously from Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedroviruses (BmNPVs) isolated in Korea. To further understand the complex of viruses infecting Bombyx mori, the genome of BmNPV-K1 and K4 strains was completely sequenced and analyzed in comparison with the genome of other sequenced baculoviruses including previously reported BmNPV. BmNPV-K1 consisted of 127,542 bp and 133 open reading frames (ORFs) of 150 nucleotides or longer with minimal overlap have been identified. In contrast, BmNPV-K4 consisted of 128,615 bp and 134 open reading frames (ORFs). Although gene arrangement is virtually identical, the genome of BmNPV-K4 is 1,073 bp longer than BmNPV-K1. This was related to the more existence of bro genes in BmNPV-K4. To investigate the relationship between BmNPV-K1 and K4, phylogenetic analysis with each member of the paired ORFs was performed. The sequence data suggest that BmNPVK1 and BmNPV-K4 are closely related but have diverged and evolved into two separate strains. This was study to identify highly related but separately evolving viruses in the same insect host and geographic location. We are currently comparing the differences of these BmNPV genomes to elucidate characteristics of each virus.

Polyhedrin is the major component of the nuclear viral occlusions produced during replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). To enhance the expression level of baculovirus vector system, we constructed several fusion vectors using various fragments of the polyhedrin. The polyhedrin fragments were genetically fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of polyhedrin promoter, and their expressions were analyzed in Sf21 insect cells. Expression of the fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-GFP and anti-Polyhedrin. The expression level of eGFP was markedly increased by the fusion of partial polyhedrin. Also, the fluorescence intensity of fusion proteins was higher than that of non-fusion protein. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that fusion proteins were localized to the cytosol or nucleus of insect cells. In additional, the glycoprotein E2 (gE2) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) expressed by the these vectors was dramatically increased and its immunogenicity was proofed using experimental animal guinea pigs that were immunized with the partial polyhedrin containing gE2. This study provides a new option for the higher expression of useful foreign recombinant protein by using the partial polyhedrin in BEVS.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an economically important pest of crops of plant grown in the field or greenhouse worldwide. It has recently become a serious problem because of the continuous use of acaricides resulting in resistance among spider mite population. Thus, there is a need to find alternative control measures to suppress spider mite populations. In this study, we report the screening result of pathogenic fungi for the control of spider mite. Initial screenings were performed using 352 isolates of putative pathogenic fungi from Korea soils. As results, 11 strains of acaropathogenic fungi were isolated from 8 cadavers of spider mite supporting fungal conidiation. These isolated were identified as four isolates of Beauveria bassiana (6, 2R-3-3-1, 2R-4-5, 2R-4-7), two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (4-2, 2-2), one isolate of Clonostachys rosea 5-2, one isolate of Lecanicillium attenuatum 4-1, one isolate of Pochonia suchlasporia 2R-3-1, one isolate of Aspergillus flavus 7 and one isolate of Isaria lilacinus 2R-4-6 by microscopic examination and genetic sequencing of the ITS region. Based on the screening results, eleven isolates were tested for their virulence against adult spider mites. All fungal isolates were pathogenic to spider mite but mortality varied with isolates. These acaropathogenic fungi may be useful to develop eco-friendly acaricide to control two-spotted spider mite.

This study was to examine on the respiratory variables, heart rate and muscle activity between the static recovery and dynamic recovery after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Subjects were 15 students enrolled in N University. All were tested two times (static recovery and dynamic recovery) and were requested to perform a walking on a treadmill after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Electromyography(EMG) was used to monitor the muscle activity(TA: Tibialis Anterior, MG: Medial Gastrocnemius) during gait. CPEX-1 was used to measure the respiratory variables and heart rate. The dynamic recovery group was shown the significant lower heart rate than that of static recovery group at during gait. Respiratory rate showed statistically a significant difference. Electromyography(RMS, root mean square) showed a non-significant difference. But the dynamic recovery group of muscle activity was found highly in TA and MG. This study indicated that the dynamic recovery method evidenced more faster than the static recovery method. And this type of dynamic rest by walking can be a help of recovery after exercise.

In this case report, we investigated the effects of robot-assisted gait therapy in a chronic stroke patient using motor assessment and gait analysis. A patient who suffered from the right hemiparesis following the left corona radiata and basal ganglia infarction received 30 minutes of robot-assisted gait therapy, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Outcome was measured using Motoricity index(MI), Fugl-Meyer assessment(FMA), modified motor assessment scale(MMAS), isometric torque, body tissue composition, 10-meter gait speed and gait analysis. After robot-assisted gait therapy, the patient showed improvement in motor functions measured by MI, FMA, MMAS, isometric torque, skeletal muscle mass, 10-meter gait speed. In gait analysis, cadence, single support time, double support time, step length, walking speed improvement in after robot-assisted gait therapy. The results of this study showed that robot-assisted gait therapy is considered to facilitate locomotor recovery of the chronic hemiparetic stroke patient.

In using both hands, everyone dominantly use one hand and it is called left-handedness or right-handedness person. Measurements of grip and pinch strength provide objective indexes to represent functional integrity of the upper extremity. This study was conducted for thirty female college students(19 right-handedness and 11 lefthandedness). For assessment of the type of handedness, questionnaire was used; for grip strength, Jamar dynamometer was used; for pinch strength, Jamar pinch gauge was used. In right handedness, the grip and pinch strength of the dominant right hand was significantly higher than those of the non-dominant hand. In addition, regular exercises were shown to give influences on reduction of strength gaps between dominant and non-dominant hands. In both groups of left and right handedness, the grip and pinch strength of the dominant hand were significantly higher than those of the non-dominant hand, and regular exercises were shown to give influences on reduction of strength gaps between dominant and non-dominant hand.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted from primarily cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney, and is responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production. We constructed and expressed dimeric cDNAs in Chinease hamster ovary (CHO) cells encoding a fusion protein consisting of 2 complete human EPO domains linked by a 2-amino acid linker (Ile-Asp). We described the activity of dimeric hyperglycosylated EPO (dHGEPO) mutants containing additional oligosaccharide chains and characterized the function of glycosylation. No dimeric proteins with mutation at the 105th amino acid were found in the cell medium. Growth and differentiation of the human EPO-dependent leukemiae cell line (F36E) were used to measure cytokine dependency and in vitro bioactivity of dHGEPO proteins. MTT assay at 24 h increased due to the survival of F36E cells. The dHGEPO protein migrated as a broad band with an average molecular mass of 75 kDa. The mutant, dHGEPO, was slightly higher than the wild-type (WT) dimeri-EPO band. Enzymatic N-deglycosylation resulted in the formation of a narrow band with a molecular mass twice of that of of monomeric EPO digested with an N-glycosylation enzyme. Hematocrit values were remarkably increased in all treatment groups. Pharmacokinetic analysis was also affected when 2.5 IU of dHGEPO were intravenously injected into the tails of the mice. The biological activity and half-life of dHGEPO mutants were enhanced as compared to the corresponding items associated the WT dimeric EPO. These results suggest that recombinant dHGEPO may be attractive biological and therapeutic targets.

During normal early embryonic development in mammals, the global pattern of genomic DNA methylation undergoes marked changes. The level of methylation is high in male and female gametes. Thus, we cloned the cDNA of the porcine DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) gene to promote the efficiency of the generation of porcine clones. In this study, porcine Dnmt1 cDNA was sequenced, and Dnmt1 mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) in porcine tissues during embryonic development. The porcine Dnmt1 cDNA sequence showed more homology with that of bovine than human, mouse, and rat. The complete sequence of porcine Dnmt1 cDNA was 4,774-bp long and consisted of an open reading frame encoding a protein of 1611 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of porcine DNMT1 showed significant homology with those of bovine (91%), human (88%), rat (76%), and mouse (75%) Dnmt1. The expression of porcine Dnmt1 mRNA was detected during porcine embryogenesis. The mRNA was detected at stages of porcine preimplantation development (1-cell, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages). It was also abundantly expressed in tissues (lung, ovary, kidney and somatic cells). Further investigations are necessary to understand the complex links between methyltransferase 1 and the transcriptional activity in cloned porcine tissues.

Oleanolic acid is a natural triterpenoid that exists widely in foods and some medicinal herbs. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of oleanolic acid against Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from a Korean population. Antimicrobial activity against these bacteria was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time kill curves. The tolerance of human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligaments to oleanolic acid was tested using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The MIC90 value of oleanolic acid for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus isolated from Koreans was 8μg/mℓ. Oleanolic acid showed bactericidal effects against S. mutans ATCC 25175T and S. sobrinus ATCC 33478T at 1 × MIC(8μg/mℓ) and had no cytotoxic effects against KB cells at this dose. The results suggest that oleanolic acid could be useful in the future development of oral hygiene products for the prevention of dental caries.

The purpose of this study is to compare tense choices in writing research abstracts across different academic disciplines: Humanities & Social Sciences (HSS) and Natural Sciences & Technology (NST). Specifically, across the disciplines, it compares 1) tense distributions, 2) associations between tense choices and rhetorical functions, and 3) tense distributions in each of the rhetorical functions. One hundred research abstracts were randomly drawn from the Internet databases. Verb tenses and rhetorical functions of the main clauses in the abstracts were identified and the rhetorical functions were further classified as deictic functions and referential functions. Separate analyses were done for deictic functions and referential functions. The results showed that the conventions of tense choices were not different across HSS and NST. For example, tense distributions did not differ in both the disciplines in that the present tense was dominantly found the same for both. Deictic functions were not significantly associated with tense choices in both the disciplines and the tense distributions of each of the deictic functions did not differ across the disciplines. Referential functions, on the other hand, were significantly associated with tense choices in both the disciplines, and the tense distributions of each of the referential functions did not differ across the disciplines. Educational implications are also discussed about tense choices in writing abstracts.

A method of functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) at room temperature using dry ozone gas is described. The resulting MWNT were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Combined to these analyses and solubility in liquids, it could be concluded that the dry ozone gas exposure introduces polar functional groups such as carboxylic groups to MWNT similar to acidic modification of MWNT. Particularly, the stable dispersion of MWNT in water after ozone treatment above a critical level could be obtained, implying potential bio-application. The hydrophilic functional groups on the MWNT introduced by ozone oxidation were helpful in improving the interaction with functional groups in PA6 such as -NH2 and -CONH- resulting in improved mechanical properties.

A nine-month-old male Pekingese weighing 5.7 kg was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Center at Chungbuk National University with a history of acute nonambulatory tetraparesis after minor trauma. A diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability with a dens axis fracture was based on examination of survey spinal radiographs and was confirmed during surgery. A modified ventral fixation technique using cortical screws was used for stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint. Serial evaluation based on radiographic and neurologic assessment was performed eight weeks after surgery. Symptoms of tetraparesis disappeared gradually, and arthrodesis of the atlantoaxial joint using a ventral fixation technique has maintained stable fixation.