Background: Dairy cows exposed to heat stress have reduced milk production, milk quality, and conception rates, leading to lower profits. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of heat stress according to Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) on the milk production of Korean Holstein cows. Methods: Monthly maximum temperature and average relative humidity data from January 2017 to August 2024 were obtained from 62 observation points used by the Korea Meteorological Administration to calculate the national average. Using this data, the THI, a key indicator for assessing heat stress in Korean Holstein cows, was calculated. Additionally, data from 240,088 Korean Holstein cows, collected through tests conducted by the Dairy Cattle Improvement Center of the NH-Agri Business Group, were analyzed. Results: Comparative analysis of the relationship between THI and milk production revealed that milk yield remained relatively stable until THI reached the “very severe” heat stress threshold (THI ≥ 79). Beyond this level, milk production showed a tendency to decline. Conversely, when THI dropped below this threshold, milk yield tended to recover. Notably, the temperature in September, typically considered part of the autumn season, has been rising in recent years, with THI values now approaching the very severe stress level (THI ≥ 79). Conclusions: These findings suggest that establishing an appropriate farm environment and implementing systematic THI management are essential for mitigating the decline in milk production, as well as the associated economic losses, caused by rising domestic temperatures due to global warming.

더듬이긴노린재과의 미기록종인 Pachygrontha similis Uhler, 1896 (닮은더듬이긴노린재, 신칭)을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 외부형질 과, 진단형질, 성충 표본과 생식기의 사진 그리고 한국산 더듬이긴노린재속의 분류 키를 제공한다.

This study investigated the flowering response of three Korean native Aster species, namely A. hayatae, A. spathulifolius, and A. koraiensis, to varying photoperiods. Three-month-old plants propagated from cuttings were grown under four different photoperiods: 9, 12, 14, and 16 h. Aster hayatae flowered under all conditions, with flowering rates of 92%, 85%, 65%, and 27% under 9-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods, respectively. Flowering in A. hayatae was promoted by shorter photoperiods, classifying it as a facultative short-day plant. Aster spathulifolius flowered only under 9- and 12-h photoperiods, with no significant difference between these treatments, suggesting that the species is an obligate short-day plant. However, given the low A. spathulifolius flowering rates of 27% and 13% under 9- and 12-h photoperiods, respectively, further research is required. Aster koraiensis did not flower under any photoperiod, possibly due to vernalization requirements or juvenility. These findings offer valuable insights into the photoperiodic flowering responses of these three Korean native Aster species, enhancing our understanding of their ecological traits and potential horticultural applications.

Emerging RNA viruses continue to pose serious threats to animal and human health, necessitating the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents within a One Health framework. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of Desmodesmus multivariabilis extracts against three representative RNA viruses: influenza A virus (IAV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Extracts derived from four closely related microalgal isolates were tested using pre- and post-treatment protocols in vitro. Among them, strain ME749 demonstrated the most potent and consistent antiviral activity, with low cytotoxicity and high selectivity index (SI), particularly against IAV (SI = 23.8), followed by PEDV (SI = 10.7) and HAV (SI = 6.2). ME752 also showed moderate antiviral efficacy. RT-qPCR confirmed significant reductions in viral RNA levels for all three viruses, with ME749 achieving up to 3-log₁₀ reduction in IAV and 2.4-log₁₀ reduction in HAV. These results suggest that the antiviral effect may be mediated through mechanisms beyond direct virucidal activity, potentially involving host immune modulation. Although the active compounds remain unidentified, carotenoids are hypothesized as key bioactive components. This study highlights Desmodesmus multivariabilis, particularly ME749, as a promising source of novel, natural antiviral agents with applications in both veterinary and zoonotic disease control. Future studies including metabolomic profiling, mechanism-of-action analyses, and in vivo validation are warranted to further explore its potential in combating current and emerging RNA virus threats.

본 연구에서는 광체꽃벌속의 미기록종 Ceratina iwatai Yasumatsu, 1936을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 기재, 분포정보, 그리고 삽화를 제공한다.

Hallucinations represent a transdiagnostic phenomenon observed in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorder and substance-induced psychotic conditions. Despite their clinical prevalence, objective assessment remains challenging due to its subjective nature, underscoring the critical need for validated translational models. The present study explores the biological mechanisms underlying hallucinations, evaluates the animal models developed to date, and discusses methods for analyzing these models along specific pathways. Hallucinations are primarily mediated through glutamatergic and/or serotonergic pathways. Numerous animal models for assessing hallucinations have been extensively reported; however, these models have mainly been designed to investigate specific neurotransmitter mechanisms, rather than encompassing all relevant pathways. Therefore, this study systematically examines currently established animal models based on the aforementioned neurotransmitter mechanisms and proposes future directions for developing universal animal models capable of comprehensively evaluating hallucinatory phenomena. The present study aims to provide deeper insights for future research involving animal models of hallucination.

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by GLA mutations, leading to a deficiency in α-Galactosidase A activity and subsequent accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). This accumulation contributes to progressive multiorgan dysfunction, with cardiovascular complications, particularly endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy being major drivers of disease morbidity and mortality. Although enzyme replacement therapy is currently the standard treatment, its effectiveness is limited in addressing advanced cardiovascular pathology. To better understand Fabry-associated vascular and cardiac phenotypes, an isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model in which GLA was knocked out was developed using CRISPR/ Cas9. GLA-knockout (GLA-KO) hiPSCs were differentiated into endothelial cells (ECs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs) to evaluate disease-relevant phenotypes in vitro . GLA-KO ECs exhibited normal morphology and differentiation capacity but showed markedly impaired tube formation, high expression of inflammatory genes ICAM1, VCAM1, and SELE, and increased mitochondrial and cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species levels. GLA-KO CMs demonstrated enlarged cell size and nuclear translocation of NFATC4, consistent with hypertrophic remodeling. Together, these findings recapitulate key features of Fabry vasculopathy and cardiomyopathy in a genetically defined, human-derived system. This platform enables direct investigation of Gb3-induced oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms and provides a valuable model for the preclinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting the cardiovascular manifestations of Fabry disease.

This study aims to enhance kiosk accessibility for digitally vulnerable users by designing and implementing a new type of kiosk interface that integrates AI-based motion and speech recognition technologies with gamification elements. Users can explore functions without touch using hand gestures and naturally learn how to operate the system through immersive interactions with mini-games. To evaluate the system’s effectiveness, a Focus Group Interview (FGI) was conducted with older adults, and a heuristic evaluation was carried out with UI/UX experts. The results showed that the proposed interface effectively lowered entry barriers and encouraged repeated use. However, some improvements were identified in visual guidance elements. This study goes beyond conventional UI improvements and serves as an experimental attempt to innovate kiosk user experience through AI technologies and gamified design.

목적 : 본 연구는 고등학생들이 학교에서의 장애 학생과 접촉 경험이 장애인에 대한 인식 및 관심에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 또한 시각장애 체험 프로그램의 유익성 평가에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하고자 한다. 방법 : 비장애 고등학생(176명)을 대상으로 장애인에 대한 인식과 관심, 학교생활에서 접촉 경험 등에 관 한 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 시각장애 체험 장비를 활용하여 체험 프로그램을 진행 후 장애체험 관련 설문을 추가로 실시하였다. 자료 분석을 위하여 IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0을 통한 기술통계분석, 빈도분석, 다중회귀 분석 방법을 활용하였다. 결과 : ‘장애인에 대한 인식 및 관심’과 ‘시각장애 체험 프로그램 유익성 평가’ 와 관련된 세부 항목들에서 전반적으로 긍정적인 인식을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 응답자의 학년이 높을수록, 장애 학생과 반에서 함께 생활 경험이 있는 응답자일수록 장애인에 대한 긍정적 인식이 높은 것으로 나타났다. ‘장애인에 대한 인 식’이 긍정적일수록 장애인에 대한 관심이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 응답자의 연령과 학년이 높을수록 시각장애 체험프로그램에 대한 평가가 긍정적으로 확인되었고, 장애 학생과 반에서 함께 생활한 경험이 없는 응답자일 수록 시각장애체험 프로그램에 대한 평가가 긍정적으로 나타났다. 결론 : 비장애 학생들의 장애인에 대한 인식과 관심이 전반적으로 긍정적이였으며 시각장애인과의 접촉 경 험이 적은 학생들에게 시각장애 체험프로그램을 적용 시 장애인에 대한 인식 및 관심을 제고시키는데 도움이 된다.

Due to cognitive differences, traditional perceptual engineering (KE) frequently relies too heavily on designers' experience in analyzing customers' emotional demands, which can result in product designs that deviate from users' expectations. This work suggests a thorough evaluation approach that combines the particle swarm optimization-support vector regression (PSO-SVR) model and perceptual engineering to increase the scientificity and precision of design choices. The approach first determines the subjective weights of users' emotional needs using spherical fuzzy hierarchical analysis (SFAHP). Next, it uses the entropy weighting method to determine the objective weights. Finally, it combines the subjective and objective data using game theory to produce a more rational evaluation system. Finally, the emotional prediction model based on PSO-SVR is constructed to realize the accurate mapping between emotional needs and design features. The empirical study shows that“speed”, “dynamic”and“luxury” are the core emotional demands of users, and the algorithm's prediction results are highly consistent with users' actual evaluations, which strongly verifies the accuracy of the model. Compared with the traditional KE method, the model better integrates subjective experience and objective data and provides more practical support for the design of flybridge yachts.

본 연구는 우리나라에 자생하는 목본 관상용 식물인 먼나무 (Ilex rotunda)와 으름덩굴(Akebia quinata)을 대상으로 삽목 효율을 분석하였다. 삽수는 녹지와 숙지로 구분하고 생장조절 제 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)와 시판용 발근촉진제 루톤 (Rootone)을 처리하여 대조군과 비교하였다. 그 결과, 발근율 (녹지, 숙지)은 먼나무(50.9, 19.0%) 및 으름덩굴(52.8, 28.5%) 로 두 수종 모두 숙지보다는 녹지가 손쉽게 발근되었다. 생장조절 제의 발근 촉진 효과는 녹지보다는 숙지에서 두드러졌으며, 생장 조절제 효과는 두 수종에서 상이하게 나타났으며, IBA와 루톤에 대한 두 수종의 발근 반응이 다르게 나타냈다. IBA 1,000ppm 처리는 먼나무의 발근을 촉진시켰고(65.9%) 으름덩굴에서는 고 사에 따른 발근율 저하를 야기하였으며(5.0%), 오히려 으름덩굴 은 루톤 처리로 발근이 촉진되었다(83.3%).

The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases pose ongoing threats to public health. This study aims to develop an agent-based simulation model (ABM) to predict the spread of novel infectious diseases during early outbreak phases and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures, specifically focusing on the impact of interventions such as maskwearing, vaccination, and social distancing on outbreak dynamics and the reduction of symptomatic cases. Using demographic and COVID-19 outbreak data from South Korea, we constructed a detailed contact network model encompassing workplaces, schools, households, and communities. Using demographic and COVID-19 outbreak data from Seoul, South Korea, we constructed a detailed contact network model encompassing workplaces, schools, households, and communities. Key transmission parameters were inferred using Approximate Bayesian Computation. The resulting ABM platform, implemented in a C-based R package, allows for flexible scenario simulation involving 56 adjustable parameters, including mask-wearing, vaccination coverage, and social distancing. Simulation outputs demonstrated the model’s capacity to reproduce observed transmission patterns in workplace and school outbreaks, enabling public health authorities to anticipate outbreak dynamics and assess interventions. This framework provides a valuable decision-support tool for controlling future infectious disease incursions.

Sperm storage is a crucial reproductive adaptation that ensures fertilization success by maintaining viable sperm until ovulation. Birds and mammals have evolved anatomically distinct yet functionally analogous structures, sperm storage tubules (SSTs) in the avian female reproductive tract and the epididymis in the mammalian male reproductive tract, that represent a striking example of convergent evolution. These systems prolong sperm lifespan and regulate fertilization timing through shared physiological strategies. While each system has been studied independently, a direct comparison between SSTs and the epididymis has not been thoroughly explored. This review proposes that, although structurally distinct, SSTs and the epididymis exhibit shared physiological strategies such as metabolic suppression, pH and ion regulation, oxidative stress control, and hormonally mediated sperm release. By highlighting these parallels, we present a novel perspective on sperm storage as a case of evolutionary convergence in reproductive physiology. Understanding these shared mechanisms provides new insights into sperm viability regulation and offers practical implications for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), such as improved cryopreservation strategies and biomimetic sperm storage platforms designed to mimic SST or epididymal conditions.

齐 is a simplified form of 齊. This thesis examines the evolutionary process and usage patterns of the character 齐, concluding that it exhibits both orthographic and popular forms. These two variants coexisted in ancient documents, though their frequency of use varied significantly. Moreover, the dominant glyph of 齐 differed across dynasties. From the Qing Dynasty through the Republic of China era to the Peoples Republic of China, the official standardisation of 齐 underwent a developmental trajectory from 齊 to 齐, which can be categorised into three distinct phases: the incipient period, the exploratory period, and the finalisation period.

Business model(BM) innovation is widely known as a differentiated strategy and strategic framework for companies to secure a sustainable competitive advantage in an uncertain environment. While prior research has studied new business models in accordance with changes in manufacturing trends such as digitalization and servitization, empirical understanding of the dynamic processes of BM innovation is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by proposing an analytical framework of the BM innovation matrix that classifies companies' BM innovation cases into four types according to the degree of BM change and the influential level of the industry/market outcome through a critical literature review on business models and dynamics. Drawing on this framework, we conduct longitudinal case studies of leading global 3D printing firms to examine the dynamic processes and external environmental factors that shape the evolution of BM innovation. Our findings reveal previously underexplored patterns of co-evolution between firms’ business models and their broader industrial and market environments. This study has the significance of constructing a framework for dynamically analyzing BM innovation based on longitudinal case studies of emerging 3D printing companies. We presented implications for companies seeking successful commercialization of emerging technologies, such as the strategic usefulness of the BM innovation framework and the importance of co-evolution with industrial structure and environmental factors in the process of change.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT), a tricyclic antidepressant, is known to exhibit antimicrobial effects against a wide range of bacterial species. This study aims to evaluate the effect of AMT on Brucella (B.) abortus infection in RAW 264.7 cells and ICR mice, which has not yet been clearly characterized. The results showed that all tested concentrations of AMT had no direct bactericidal effect on B. abortus survival at any incubation time point. Interestingly, RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated with a non-toxic high concentration of AMT before B. abortus infection showed a significant reduction in the phagocytosis of B. abortus at 20 min post-infection, compared to untreated cells. However, AMT treatment did not affect the intracellular replication of B. abortus compared to the control cells. Based on the reduced bacterial uptake observed in-vitro, an in-vivo experiment was conducted to assess whether daily oral administration of AMT at a dose of 20 mg/kg could inhibit B. abortus growth in ICR mice. The results showed that AMT treatment slightly increased both organ weights and bacterial loads, suggesting possible systemic effects of prolonged AMT exposure. In summary, these preliminary results provide initial insight into the potential effects of AMT on B. abortus infection both in-vitro and in-vivo. Therefore, further study should focus on dose optimization in-vivo and exploration of the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in AMT-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis during Brucella infection.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily triggered by bacterial infections, with periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis playing a pivotal role. We evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP-E) on human gingival fibroblasts (hTERT-hNOF) stimulated with P. gingivalis -derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Dried S. plebeia was extracted using 70% ethanol, yielding a 10.5% extract. Inflammation in hTERT-hNOF cells was induced using P. gingivalis LPS in conjunction with LPS-binding protein and CD14. SP-E was administered at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay. Inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion were analyzed via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Results demonstrated a concentrationdependent antioxidant effect, with 62.98% radical scavenging activity observed at 200 μg/mL SP-E. In hTERT-hNOF cells, SOD activity increased from 4.88% (LPS-treated) to 45.78% with 100 μg/mL SP-E. RT-PCR analysis showed significant downregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA expression following SP-E treatment. ELISA confirmed a reduction in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (312.83 → 178.22 pg/mL), IL-6 (453.97 → 170.83 pg/mL), and IL-8 (480.14 → 276.86 pg/mL) levels with 100 μg/mL SP-E. These findings suggest that SP-E may offer therapeutic potential for preventing and managing periodontal disease by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory cytokine expression. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and validate these effects in vivo .

Stemflow (SF) is essential for water resources within forest ecosystems and can constitute up to half of the gross rainfall (GR), depending on the forest stand structures in coniferous plantations. Although numerous studies on SF yield have been reported globally for various forest types, very few studies on SF have been reported to examine the influence of forest stand structures on SF in Korea. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between SF and forest stand structures in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantations. Two study plots were established (10 m × 10 m each) in plantations with the same stem density (SD: 2500 stems ha-1) (hereafter P1 and P2). Almost all forest stand structures (canopy projection area, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of live and dead branches, and ratio of canopy length to canopy width), including canopy volume using mobile LiDAR devices, were investigated. To evaluate the efficiency of funneling rainwater for the effect of tree biomass on SF, a funneling ratio (FR) was used. The present SF ratios (20.7% in P1 and 22.3% in P2) were much higher than those reported in previous studies of various forest types in Korea (SF ratios: 0.2–5.8% with a mean of 2.0%). This is due to the interaction between the high SD and many under-canopy dead branches. Individual-scale FR was correlated with DBH (R2 = 0.43). The present stand-scale FRs (FRstand) (22.3 in P1 and 29.2 in P2) were much higher than those reported in the previous studies (FRstand: 1.0–33.3 with a mean of 7.8) because of the negative relationship between FRstand and mean DBH (R2 = 0.78, p = 0.02). Our results provide useful information for understanding changes in SF caused by forest stand structures.

본 연구는 절화 장미‘All For Love’에 대해 과산화초산 (peracetic acid, PAA)의 보존용액 적용 가능성과 적정 처리 농도를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 보존용액 처리는 Distilled water(DW), PAA 50, 100, 200μL·L-1, FloraLife 1%로 하였 다. 절화수명은 대조구 DW(5.27일)에 비해 PAA(5.87~6.20 일)와 FloraLife(5.87일) 처리구에서 절화수명 연장효과가 있었 다. 모든 처리구에서 80% 이상 꽃목 굽음(Bent neck)과 20% 이상 꽃잎 청변화(Blueing) 현상이 나타났다. 화색 변화율과 잎의 엽록소 함량은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 화폭변화율의 경 우, DW(135%)보다 PAA 50μL·L-1(155%), 100μL·L-1(154%), 200μL·L-1(161%) 처리구에서 높은 개화율을 보였다. 상대생체 중은 DW와 FloraLife 처리구에서는 2일, PAA 처리구에서는 3일까지 증가 후 감소하였다. 수분균형은 DW에서 가장 빠르게 (-)의 값을 나타냈고, PAA 50μL·L-1 처리구에서 가장 길게 수분 균형이 유지되었다. PAA와 FloraLife 처리구에서 보존용액과 줄기 절단면 모두 세균이 검출되지 않았다. 결론적으로 PAA 50μL·L-1 처리는 DW에 비해 장미의 절화수명 연장 및 품질 유지에 효과적이었다.

As space missions extend in duration, the impact of spaceflight on human reproduction poses serious biomedical challenges. The reproductive system is susceptible to microgravity, ionizing radiation, and circadian disruption. This review summarizes current evidence on how space environments affect reproductive function, focusing on gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, pregnancy, and embryonic development. We reviewed data from rodent models, parabolic flight experiments, and space-exposed cellular systems to assess the effect of space-relevant stressors on reproductive health. Findings show that microgravity impairs sperm motility and hormonal balance, while radiation increases DNA fragmentation and induces heritable epigenetic changes. Female reproductive health is similarly affected, with radiation accelerating follicular loss and hormonal disruption impairing ovulation. Early pregnancy stages, including implantation and placental development, are especially vulnerable to space conditions. Rodent studies indicate that while basic fertility may persist, the long-term effect on offspring health and multi-generational outcomes remains unclear. These findings highlight the need for targeted countermeasures and continued research to ensure reproductive success in future space missions.