The production scale of mushroom cultivation in Korea is approximately 600 billion won, which is 1.6% of the Korean gross agricultural output. Annually, ca. 190,000 tons of mushrooms are harvested in Korea. The oyster mushroom is one of the most favorite and commonly consumed mushrooms in Korea. In case of breeding, the protoplast fusion technique of the oyster mushroom, P. ostreatus was first commercialized in the world. To develop the high temperature varieties, various examinations were accomplished. Protoplast fusion of abalone mushroom, high temperature, and oyster mushroom, popular mushroom, were attempted. 2 strains of P.ostreatus and 2 strains of P.abalonus were fused to each other by protoplast isolation. Fusion strains were investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) marker, and selected strains were cultivated at 25°C after completing the mycelial growth. As a result of sawdust bag cultivation, most of strains showed the fruiting body, but the morphological characteristics among them were not significant different. However, these protoplast fusion strains were expected as new parents strains to develop varieties.

A new commercial cultivar ‘GARES-HM-17-1’ of Hypsizigus marmoreus was developed by the method of mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from Hae-Sal 3Ho. The parental strains are characterized by the property of high quality and a short period of time in cultivation. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was 25°C and that of fruiting body development was 15~16°C. The period of harvesting including primordia formation was 23.0 days shorter than that of control strain Mangadak No. 2. The color of pileus and stipe surface was neutral-white, respectively. The yield was 82.0±5.8g/850cc plastic bottle. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new commercial cultivar ‘GARES-HM-17-1’ showed a different profile as that of the control strain, Mangadak No.2, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer was used. This new cultivar ‘GARES-HM-17-1’ of H. marmoreus is characterized by the improved quality and a short period of time in cultivation after scratching. It would be of much help to expand the cultivation area of H. marmoreus.

H. mamoreus is a mushroom with abundant favor and medicinal use. However, its cultivation has problems such as the long cultivation period, low biological efficiency and microbiological contamination, so new cultivars should be developed. In this study, 55 strains of H.marmoreus were analyzed with ISSR markers to identify precise genetic information in collected germplasm as mother strains in breeding. ISSR 13 and 15 markers were confirmed polymorphism. The three strains (KMC03106, KMC03107, and KMC03108) with white cap color were close genetic relationship in the UPGMA analysis of both the ISSR 13 and 15 markers. Especially in the PCR result of the ISSR 15, the collected germplasm were differentiated to three groups following collecting year. As these results, the ISSR 15 marker would be able to classify the phylogeny of cap color and genetic variation along the collecting year. Therefore ISSR markers will confer effective selection of mother strains for breeding of H. mamoreus.

Information and communication technology(ICT) around the world in the 21st century presents a new vision of agriculture. Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called “smart agriculture” is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture’s core container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. The Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional medicine. The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976. We controlled different light source (Blue-Red-White combined LED, blue LED, red LED and fluorescent light) with different intensity of LED irradiation (1.5, 10.5, 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Lights were treated with 12 hour on/ 12hour off cycle maintained in a controlled room with 19 ~ 21oC temperature, 80~90% humidity, and 1,000 ppm CO2 atmosphere concentration for 30 days. Growth and development differed from the LED color source and intensity of LED irradiation. Growth and development was most effective in 10.5 μmol/m2s for blue LED. All LED light sources showed less growth and development in lowest intensity of irradiation, which indicates that higher than 1.5 μmol/m2s for LED is not effective. After harvesting fruit bodies, we measured their weight and length, thickness of pileus and stipe, chromaticity, and hardness. 10.5 μmol/m2s blue LED group was the best result of harvest with average individual weight (24.7g) and length (61.98mm), thickness (29.93mm) of pileus and length (33.60mm), thickness (16.86mm) of stipe with fine chromaticity, hardness. This results show us that 10.5 μmol/m2s blue LED was the best effect on growth and development of Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom’s ICT system container type environment.

This study is investigated the growth characteristics(number of available stipe, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, stipe length, stipe thickness, object weight, comparison yield ability of 1 cycle) and storage characteristics of ‘Sanjo 701’ (S7) cultivars according to relative humidity. The S7 growth characteristics were investigated by quantifying the growth and the characteristics according to the relative humidity, The storage stability was investigated every 5 days and freshness was measured by ‘Minamide Method’. S7 pileus diameter is The higher the relative humidity was confirmed becomes larger and the more increased relative humidity also increase the comparison yield ability of 1 cycle. However, pileus diameter or stipe length This could not see the big difference in the three treatment groups, the plieus thickness was no significant difference in the treatment of 80% and 95%. The fresh weight of S7 decreased significantly at 80% and 95% relative humidity after 10 days of storage, but decreased continuity in 65% humiditiry. The elongation percentage of S7 pileus was observe in 95% relative humidity, values of L, a and b (SCI), showed the highest L value in 65% and the a value in 95%. b values were similar in 65%, 80% and 95% treatments. On the ‘Minamide Method’ measure freshness was changed from the 10th day of storage at relative humidity of 95%, but humidity of 65% and 80% treatments, it changed after 15 days of storage. In this study growth characteristics and yield were increased at higher relative humidity, but storage stability was decreased. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to change the relative humidity to produce high quality mushrooms.

We experimented to see if the tolerance of Agaricus bisporus to Pseudomonas sp. causing the bacterial brown blotch disease which is causing great damage in the button mushroom cultivation was inherited. There was no correlation between mycelial growth rate and mushroom tolerance to pathogens at each temperature. In the mycelial stage, the strains tolerance to Pseudomonas sp. were not as strong as those of their parents, but they were generally stronger or more tolerance than those of weaker strain (ASI1321). In fruiting body, tolerance was decreased compared to mycelial. In fruiting body, later generations of two strains had similar tolerance, unlike strong or weak tolerance of parental generation. Therefore, browning of fruit body is thought to be caused not only by tolerance but also by various other factors. Especially, the future generation of the strains which were tolerance to Pseudomonas sp. were very weak in the mycelial stage, indicating that the tolerance of the parental generation was inherited to the later generations. The damage of each pathogen was different in mycelium and fruiting body. P. tolaasii caused higher browning than P. agarici in fruit body. P. reactans did not have a significant effect on the mycelium but affected the browning of the fruit bodies. P. agarici had higher mycelial growth inhibitory ability than fruiting body.

Information and communication technology(ICT) around the world in the 21st century presents a new vision of agriculture. Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called “smart agriculture” is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture’s core container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. Auricularia auricula-judae, known as the Jew's ear, wood ear, jelly ear or by a number of other common names, is a species of edible Auriculariales fungus found worldwide. The fruiting body is distinguished by its noticeably ear-like shape and brown colouration. The fungus can be found throughout the year in temperate regions worldwide, where it grows upon both dead and living wood. We controlled different light source (Blue-Red-White combined LED, blue LED, red LED and fluorescent light) with different intensity of LED irradiation (1.5, 10.5 and 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Lights were treated with 12 hour on/ 12hour off cycle maintained in a controlled room with 19 ~ 21oC temperature, 85~95% humidity, and 1000ppm CO2 atmosphere concentration for 30 days. Growth and development differed from the LED color source and intensity of LED irradiation. Growth and development was most effective in 1.5 μmol/m2s irradiation for blue LED. All LED light sources showed less growth and development in highest intensity of irradiation, which indicates that higher than 20.5 μmol/m2s for LED is not effective. After harvesting fruit bodies, we measured their weight, length, width, thickness and chromaticity of fruit bodies. 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED group was the best result of harvest with average individual weight (5.38g), length (65.37mm), width (56.87mm) and thickness (13.51mm) with fine chromaticity. This results show us that 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED was the best effect on growth and development of Auricularia auricula-judae mushroom’s ICT system container type environment.

Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium > calcium > magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

The purpose of this study was to expand the utility of the Polygonum multiflorum. Also, we fermented P. multiflorum by mushroom mycelial, and analyzed for chemical compositions and biological active of fermented P. multiflorum root. The crude protein content did not show a significant difference between control and fermented P. multiflorum root, crude fat, ash and crude fiber content of fermented P. multiflorum root were lower than control. The content of soluble nitrogen free extract of P. multiflorum root was significantly higher than fermented P. multiflorum root. The major amino acids of P. multiflorum root were determined the arginine. The content of arginine and glutamic acid were 586.67 mg%, and 283.78 mg%, respectively. Sixteen kinds of amino acids were detected in fermented P. multiflorum root, and the major amino acids were determined the arginine and threonine. The total amino acid contents of control and fermented P. multiflorum root were 3,469.03 mg%, and 3,630 mg%, respectively. As the results of antioxidant activity test, the antioxidant capacity of fermented P. multiflorum had a higher than the control. As the mushroom fermentation progresses, it is confirmed that the amino acid content and antioxidant capacity were increased, and it is expected to develop the product using the fermented P. multiflorum using mushroom mycelials.

Lentinula edodes, a member of the Pleurotaceae, is a blood pressure and cholesterol lowering effect. Recently, research the reduction of irritation and the enhancement of function have been cultivation of natural resources using mushroom mycelium. For the development of food fermented with L. edodes mycelium of natural medicinal herb remnants, determined to be 20%, and the product were used after lyophilization. In this study, we were analyzed the contents of β-glucan and amino acids of fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials. β -Glucan is a type of polysaccharide that has immune-enhancing and is known to inhibit cancer cells. The content of β-glucan and total amino acids of fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials were 35.13% and 8,697.36 mg%, respectively. The content of essential amino acid from fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials was 3,226.85 mg%. Collectively, our findings suggest that fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials extract could be used as an chemo-preventive material for consumers.

β-glucan is a safe and highly potent biological response modifier that nutritionally activates the immune response through the Macrophage, Dendritic and additional immune cells to yield various therapeutic effects. Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) contanining β-glucans may be beneficial for human health; they have been used in the treatment of cancer, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels. The effect of different substrates and various developmental stages (mycelium growth, primordium appearance, and fruiting-body formation) on β-glucan production in the edible mushroom L. edodes was studied. The cap of the mature mushroom showed the highest β-glucan activity, and β-glucan activity seemed to be influenced somewhat by some well-known inducers or sawdust. In this study, we utilized five strains (JMI 10022, 10036, 10077, 10079, 10080) of L. edodes regardless of origin and growth conditions. This experiment showed that the expression of β-glucan was induced by glucose bond, and increased with the growing of L. edodes. Quantitatively, reverse transcription PCR utilized pairs of primers specific for β-glucan gene expression shows that expressed genes were most commonly indentified during the process of fruiting-body formation. We suggest that the results will provide valuable information to assist L. edodes industry.

Recently, hair loss regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of Phellinus linteus on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, We want to try to make a materialization. The 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus on the cell viability of Human follicle dermal papilla cell (HFDPC), adipocyte (3T3-L1), fibroblast (CCD-986sk). The result the cell viability of HFDPC was increased according to the contents of ethanol extract of P. linteus. But the 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus showed weak inhibit activity in CCD-986sk cell growth. Also, the 70%　ethanol extract of P. linteus did not inhibit the growth of 3T3-L1 cells. As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair material development was not shown to be toxic to HFDPC and 3T3-L1 cell. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of P. linteus have potential to developing hair-related product. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region(R0005473)

Honey production from approximately 1.7 million colonies owned by around 21 thousand beekeepers was almost 36 thousand M/T in Korea. Pollen has used as a food and medicine from before the Joseon Dynasty period in Korea. Pollen grains such as acorn (Quercus acutissima), actinidia (Actinidia arguta) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) are popular in the markets in Korea. But stiff pollen wall hindered dissolution of polysaccharides and lowered extraction efficiency. In the present study, we measured the antioxidant activity and the total polyphenol content from the pulverized and lyophilized green tea pollen grains inoculated with 6 kinds of fungi to confirm the husk removal effect. The total polyphenol content of green tea pollens was highest in lyophilized pollen medium inoculated with Armillaria mellea, and was lowest in pollen inoculated with Lentinula edodes. Total polyphenol content of the lyophilized pollen was higher than that of the refined pollen and the pulverized pollen in green tea pollen germinated with A. mellea. The total polyphenol content of the lyophilized green tea pollens germinated with A. mellea was 1.4-fold higher than that extracted with water. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging method showed that the lyophilized green tea pollen grains germinated with A. mellea had the highest and that germinated with L. edodes was lowest in antioxidant activities. The lyophilized green tea pollen grains germinated with A. mellea was 2 to 4 times higher than that extracted with water in the antioxidant activity of DPPH free radical scavenging. Many germinated cells were formed around pore of green tea pollen inoculated with L. edodes, while those were formed at the end of hyphae derived from green tea pollen grains inoculated with A. mellea.

NRPS (non-ribosomal pepetide synthetase) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which includes economically important compounds such as antibiotics, antitumor agents, immune-suppressants, siderophores, toxins, etc. In most cases, however, their functions and biosynthesizing pathways have been still remained riddles because of their cryptic expression and recalcitrant genetics. In our previous genome analyses of Cordyceps bassiana C101, we predicted the sequences of secondary metabolite biosynthesizing gene clusters, which contain non-ribosomal pepetide synthetases whose functions are already known such as beauvericin, bassianolide, bassiatin, tenellin, beauverolides, and oosporein. The authors focused on nrps6 that has not been functionally studied. The single-gene deletion and overexpression mutants were established via Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and southern blot analyses were carried out to confirm the correct single-gene integrated homologous recombination. In further study, comparative metabolic profiling between wild-type and mutant strains will be followed by their detailed chemical structure analysis through NMR spectroscopy.

Naringenin and its glycoside naringin (naringenin-7-O-glycoside) belong to this series of flavonoids and were well-known strong antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to flavonoid constituents and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cornucopiae. In order to determine active ingredient contents of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cornucopiae, we were carried out total polyphenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) analyses. As a result, TPC (31.05 ± 0.03 g GAE/kg extract) and TFC (13.25 ± 1.24 g NE/kg extract) of Pleurotus cornucopiae were found significantly higher as compared to Pleurotus ostreatus. The IC50 values based on the DPPH (56.50 ± 0.73 μg/ml) and ABTS (86.53 ± 3.86 μg/ml) for Pleurotus cornucopiae were generally stronger showing potential antioxidant properties compared to Pleurotus ostreatus. In addition, naringin and naringenin content were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. A great amount of naringin and naringenin was found in Pleurotus cornucopiae. These results indicate that the Pleurotus cornucopiae can be used as an antioxidant therapeutic agent.

Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root(0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium> calcium> magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

Bryopsis africana and Pyropia kinositae are reported for the first time on the list of Korean marine algal flora based on integrated morphological-molecular study. Bryopsis africana from Korea is recognized with distinct main axes, robust thalli, pinnately and radially branched above, and basally denuded. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. africana was placed within a clade of Bryopsis. Bryopsis africana differs from B. corymbosa by 2.7% gene sequence divergence. Pyropia kinositae is characterized by oblong to lanceolate thalli, entire margin, purplish red in color, twice as long as broad cells in transversal section view. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. kinositae was placed within a clade of Pyropia. Pyropia kinositae differs from P. tenera by 1.5-1.8%, P. ishigecola by 1.2-1.3%, and P. yezoensis by 1.5-1.8% gene sequence divergence respectively.

Detailed morphological studies and molecular analyses based on plastid-encoded rbcL gene sequences were undertaken on Peyssonnelia species, a poorly known genus from Korea. We report new records for the Korean coast, Peyssonnelia harveyana and P. rumoiana. Peyssonnelia harveyana is chiefly characterized by P. rubra-type anatomy, closely packed perithallial filaments in firm matrix, hypothallial filaments arranged in parallel rows, thalli with appressed margins, hypobasal calcification, and unicellular rhizoids. Peyssonnelia rumoiana is principally characterized by two vegetative features, hypothallial filaments arranged in a polyflabellate layer, and perithallial filaments arising from the whole upper surface of each hypothallial cell (Peyssonnelia rubra-type anatomy). Our rbcL analyses revealed that P. harveynana and P. rumoiana were placed within a clade of Peyssonnelia. We also propose the new combination, Sonderophycus cauliferus comb. nov., for previous Peyssonnelia caulifera. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that our S. cauliferus was placed within a clade of Sonderophycus.