By increasing awareness of product offers and availability in the consumer’s proximity, Location Based Marketing (LBM) increases relevance of placed advertisements. However, depending on how it is executed, such advertising can also be perceived as intrusive, irritating, or even violating consumer’s privacy. Existing knowledge does not offer clear directions for retailers, who are keen to know of LBM’s effectiveness on sales. In this paper, authors investigate the effects of LBM on application (app) driven revenues of 116 major mobile retailers from around the globe. In particular, we examine the contingency effects of the roles of device as well as privacy needs of the brand audience. Findings reveal that effects of LBM on app-based revenues vary by tactic (inbound vs. outbound), type of device (Tablet vs. Phone), and user type based on brand of app (Android vs. Apple). Overall, this research identifies critical factors for retailers to consider, in order to best monetize their location based efforts. Contributions of the analysis and managerial implications are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Silver Spike Point (SSP) on functional constipation. The subjects were 14 female students who attended a university located in Gyeonggi province and consent to participate in this study. The inclusion criteria were the fulfillment of two or more diagnostic criteria of Rome III or scoring four or more points in Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS). The CAS score was significantly decreased in the experimental group (from 14.29±1.38 to 6.86±2.91) (p<.05), however, there was no significant change in the control group (from 14.29±1.49 to 14.14±1.21). The present study suggests that SSP intervention is effective in mitigating constipation.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of kinematic taping therapy on menstrual distress, pain, and prostaglandinF2α. The experimental subject was a 24 years old woman with the pain of over 5 points on the dysmenorrhea measurement test and no unusual reactions on the taping test. The menstrual distress was measured by the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), and the dysmenorrhea was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after the intervention. The prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) was measured on the first day of menstruation before the intervention and 24 hours after the taping therapy by the blood test. The intervention of kinematic taping was conducted by the instructor of the International Kinematic Taping Academy, and the taping was applied to the lower abdomen and the waist. According to the difference of menstrual distress before and after the intervention, the menstrual distress turned out to be decreased to 96 points after the intervention from the 115 points before the intervention. The dysmenorrhea also reduced 3 points on the VAS from 7 points to 4 points before and after the intervention. The PGF2α decreased from 26pg/㎖ to 20pg/㎖ before and after the intervention. Besides, the PGF2α decreased from 26pg/㎖ to 20pg/㎖ before and after the intervention. Results suggest that kinematic taping therapy could be useful to reduce the menstrual distress, pain, and PGF2α.

This study explores the effect of moral identity on attitude toward and purchase intention of upcycled fashion products by comparing purchasers and non-purchasers. Data from 127 purchasers and 307 non-purchasers collected through a survey was analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, model invariance check, and multiple-group comparison tests using Amos 23.0. Results indicate consumers with purchase experiences of upcycled fashion products showed a higher level of moral identity (internalization and symbolization), positive attitude toward upcycled fashion products, and purchase intention than did consumers with no purchase experience. In model tests, internalization affected attitude toward purchasing upcycled fashion products, whereas symbolization affected purchase intention, regardless of purchase experience. The effect of symbolization on purchase intention was consistent with prior studies focusing on charity behaviors that are highly visible to others. These findings demonstrate that fashion products are visible and symbolic, so it should be carefully considered in ethical consumption studies. From these results, researchers may obtain insights on the process of how consumers apply moral identity to their purchase intention regarding upcycled fashion products. Likewise, marketers may enhance satisfaction of consumers with a high level of symbolization by putting special tags and logos that clearly highlight the products’ upcycled nature.

Government policy supporting the fashion industry in Korea has focused on the future development of rising fashion designer’s brands, and as a part of this support, several Fashion Creative Studios are presently operated. The purpose of this study is to identify the meaning of these facilities and suggest development strategies for their effective utilization. This paper presents a conceptual understanding based on a literature review, and deduces the direction of Fashion Creative Studios through an exploratory analysis of various case studies and in-depth interviews with five designers, who have graduated from the Seoul Fashion Creative Studio. The results are as follows. Firstly, fashion educational institutions have to provide sufficient information about the Fashion Creative Studios to students. They can also consider adding short-term residencies to the curriculum in which students prepare collections or portfolios for the studios. Secondly, Fashion Creative Studios are required to intensify business and marketing programs to increase real-world support. It would be helpful to provide 1:1 management programs with several segmented stages for the design brands, or connect them to investors who could provide financial support and business expansion. Thirdly, Fashion Creative Studios need to find a way to strengthen textile differentiation and craft characteristics to increase designer brand competitiveness. Broadening participation with textile designers, connecting with experts and ateliers, and promoting collaboration with artists and artisans in the Arts Creative Studios can be further examined to this end.

Nodal transport methods are proposed for solving the simplified even-parity neutron transport (SEP) equation. These new methods are attributed to the success of existing nodal diffusion methods such as the Polynomial Expansion Nodal and the Analytic Function Expansion Nodal Methods, which are known to be very effective for solving the neutron diffusion equation. Numerical results show that the simplified even-parity transport equation is a valid approximation to the transport equation and that the two nodal methods developed in this study also work for the SEP transport equation, without conflict. Since accuracy of methods is easily increased by adding node unknowns, the proposed methods will be effective for coarse mesh calculation and this will also lead to computation efficiency.

To correctly predict the neutron behavior based on diffusion calculations, it is necessary to adopt well-specified boundary conditions using suitable diffusion approximations to transport boundary conditions. Boundary conditions such as the zero net-current, the Marshak, the Mark, the zero scalar flux, and the Albedo condition have been used extensively in diffusion theory to approximate the reflective and vacuum conditions in transport theory. In this paper, we derive and analyze these conditions to prove their mathematical validity and to understand their physical implications, as well as their relationships with one another. To show the validity of these diffusion boundary conditions, we solve a sample problem. The results show that solutions of the diffusion equation with these well-formulated boundary conditions are very close to the solution of the transport equation with transport boundary conditions.

The objective of this study was to develop software to predict the kinetic behavior and the probability of foodborne bacterial growth on processed meat products. It is designed for rapid application by non-specialists in predictive microbiology. The software, named Foodborne bacteria Animal product Modeling Equipment (FAME), was developed using Javascript and HTML. FAME consists of a kinetic model and a probabilistic model, and it can be used to predict bacterial growth pattern and probability. In addition, validation and editing of model equation are available in FAME. The data used by the software were constructed with 5,400 frankfurter samples for the kinetic model and 345,600 samples for the probabilistic model using a variety of combinations including atmospheric conditions, temperature, NaCl concentrations and NaNO2 concentrations. Using FAME, users can select the concentrations of NaCl and NaNO2 meat products as well as storage conditions (atmosphere and temperature). The software displays bacterial growth patterns and growth probabilities, which facilitate the determination of optimal safety conditions for meat products. FAME is useful in predicting bacterial kinetic behavior and growth probability, especially for quick application, and is designed for use by non-specialists in predictive microbiology.

목적: 국내에 유통되고 있는 운전용 기능성 안경렌즈의 종류와 조도변화 따른 대비시력 변화에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구에 참여한 대상자는 안질환이나 전신질환 및 과거와 현재 병력이 없는 성인 남녀 30명 (25±2세)으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 렌즈는 굴절률이 1.60인 제작방식이 다른 기능성 운전용 렌즈인 황색 계열(A)렌즈, 코팅방식(B, C)렌즈 3종과 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 1종을 대상으로 하였다. 각 렌즈를 착용 상태에서 대비시력검사, 색각(배열)검사, 시력회복시간 등을 측정하였다. 결과: 실험에 사용된 렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 대비시력은 명소시 50%, 30%, 15% 그리고 암소시 100%, 30%, 15%에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.05), 명소시 100%, 암소시 50%에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 대비시력은 명소시 상태의 50%에서 코팅방식(C)렌즈(logMAR 0.003), 30%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈 (logMAR 0.014), 15%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.053)에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 암소시 상태의 대비 시력 100%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.003), 50%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.007), 30%에서 코팅방식(C)렌즈(logMAR 0.017), 15%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.050)에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 색각 (배열)검사결과는 황색계열(A)렌즈에서 가로지르는 선의 개수 평균은 6.05±1.75개이었고, 일반렌즈(N)렌즈, 코팅방식(B)렌즈, 코팅방식(C)렌즈에서는 가로지르는 선은 0개 나타났다. 시력회복시간은 명소시에서 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 > 코팅방식(C)렌즈 > 코팅방식(B)렌즈 > 황색계열(A)렌즈, 암소시에서 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 > 코팅방식(C)렌즈 > 황색계열(A)렌즈 > 코팅방식(B)렌즈 순으로 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 결론: 운전용 안경렌즈와 일반 안경렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 대비시력의 차이가 있었고 시력회복시간의 감소로 인해 시인성 향상이 나타났다. 색각검사에서 황색계열을 착용한 상태에서는 색의 시인성이 매우 감 소함을 알 수 있었고, 시력회복시간도 렌즈의 종류에 따라 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 운전자의 환경과 렌즈의 특성을 잘 파악하여 상황별 특성에 맞는 적절한 렌즈를 선택한다면 운전시 시기능 저하로 인한 문제들을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

금번 연구를 통해 작은검정주머니나방속이 국내에서 처음 발견되어 보고한다. 작은검정주머니나방속 내 작은날개검정주머니나방에 대한 암컷 형태 특징, 채집지 정보 등을 포함한 이용가능한 모든 정보를 제공하였다. 또한 신속한 종 동정을 위한 DNA 바코드 정보를 작성하였다.

The rocky vegetation area of Sanbangsan is designated Natural Monument No. 376 and No. 3 National Scenic Site No. 77, and Yonggi is designated as Natural Monument No. 526 (January 13, 2011) and UNESCO World Geological Park (October 2010). Also, Yongmuri coast is the first candidate to become a World Natural Heritage site such as Mt. Halla, Seongsan Ilchulbong, and Geomun Aulm. As it is a place with excellent cultural value, we need Conservation Policy of Sanbangsan and Yongmari Coastal Heritage.

Chitosan is attracting attention as a health supplement material because of its various physiological activities. In this study, sugar solution containing chitosan was fed to honey bees to induce the production of ‘chitosan fortified honey’ by their same mode of natural honey production. To accomplish this, sugar solutions containing 0.1%, 1%, 2% and 5% chitosan were fed to the honey bees. Fully inverted Chitosan-honey was harvested after feeding the chitosan in sugar solution. To investigate the anti-obesity and immune-enhancing effects of Chitosan-honey, 1% and 10% Chitosan-honey containing drinking water were administrated freely to C57BL mice. Glucosamine concentrations in serum rapidly increased to peak levels in 10 minutes (1261.0 ± 97.6 ng/ml), then decreased gradually for more than 24 hours 793.0 ± 34.7 ng/ml. There were no significant differences in weight and or splenocyte proliferative capacity among experimental mice groups. However, increased granulocytes and monocytes were observed upon flow cytometric analysis. These results suggest that Chitosan-honey could induce removal of foreign antigens. In conclusion, ‘Chitosan-honey’ developed in this study has the potential for use as a honey type dietary health supplement with the same bioactivity as chitosan; however additional research should be conducted to confirm these effects.

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the degradability and digestibility of crude protein (CP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and individual amino acids (AA) on six by-product feedstuffs (BPF) (rice bran, RB; wheat bran, WB; corn gluten feed, CGF; tofu residue, TR; spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus, SMSP; brewers grain, BG) as ruminants feed. Three Hanwoo steers (40 months old, 520 ± 20.20 kg of body weight) fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and T-shaped duodenal cannula were used to examine of the BPF using in situ nylon bag and mobile bag technique. The bran CGF (19.2%) and food-processing residue BG (19.7%) had the highest CP contents than other feeds. The RUP value of bran RB (39.7%) and food-processing residues SMSP (81.1%) were higher than other feeds. The intestinal digestion of CP was higher in bran RB (44.2%) and food-processing residues BG (40.5%) than other feeds. In addition, intestinal digestion of Met was higher in bran RB (55.7%) and food-processing residues BG (44.0%) than other feeds. Overall, these results suggest that RB and BG might be useful as main raw ingredients in feed for ruminants. Our results can be used as baseline data for ruminant ration formulation.