-최근 들어 도심 내 강우 시 발생하는 빗물은 다양한 유형의 오염원인 비점오염원을 포함하고 있어 도심 내 건전한 물순환 및 하천과 호수의 수질악화의 주요한 원인으로 인식되고 있다. 본 디자인 논문의 목적은 과거 장치시설 중심에서 벗어나 공원이나 토지이용 등의 비구조적 관점으로의 빗물관리 패러다임 전환의 의미를 담고 있는 커뮤니티 빗물공원의 디자인 원칙을 제시하는 것이다. 디자인개념 수준으로 전개된 커뮤니티 빗물공원의 디자인 원칙은 8가지로 정리할 수 있다: (1) 도시빗물에서 처리해야할 오염원 선별, (2) 초기강우현상에 집중, (3) 빗물 처리과정에서의 부유물 회수, (4) 효과적 초기강우 처리를 위한 초기강우 외 빗물의 월류 유도, (5) 강우유출수와 저류용량 산정, (6) 침전물의 효과적 제거를 위한 침전물 저류지 디자인, (7) 비점오염원 처리를 위한 습지 조성, (8) 처리된 빗물에 대한 산소공급. 본고에서 제시한 빗물공원 디자인 원칙은 최근 대안적 빗물관리시스템으로 논의되는 빗물공원 디자인 시 참고자료가 될 것으로 사료되며 빗물공원에 대한 관심증대는 비구조적 관점으로의 빗물관리체계로의 패러다임 전환을 유도할 것으로 전망된다.

This study was designed to evaluate the possibility of increase through dairy female offspring’s ratio by transfer of pre-selected transferrable blastocyst that was produced by pre-selected X-bearing semen with OPU derived oocytes. Elite dairy female cow is demanded strongly compared with male, the so called, farmer wants to produce only an elite female dairy offspring as a candidate female dairy cow for producing milk. In our study, we selected 2 elite dairy bull semen from National Agricultural Cooperative Federation to pre-select X-bearing semen and 5 elite dairy female cows as donor for collecting of OPU derived oocytes. OPU derived embryo production system was carried out an aspiration of immature oocytes from 5 donor cows 2 times per week, total 200 times for 2 to 7 months by an ultrasonographic guided follicular aspiration system and then produced in vitro-produced blastocysts by in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture. Dairy donor semen selected H-319, 320 bull in National Agricultural Cooperative federation was sorted X-bearing semen by flow-cytometer and frozen for using IVF with OPU derived oocytes. Donor cows were selected 5 elite dairy cows from Gyeongju Dairy Cow Community and then disease tests such as 4 kinds of disease before selecting was checked. Oocyte proportion of grade 1 to 3 from total collected oocytes was significantly lower in donor A and B than those in donor C, D and E (82.16 and 70.03% vs. 90.0, 91.78 and 93.57%), respectively (p<0.05). However, number of oocytes per session in donor A, C and E was significantly higher than those in donor B and D (7.77 ± 3.26, 5.85 ± 2.10 and 7.03 ± 2.14 vs. 4.68 ± 2.61 and 5.21 ± 1.97 oocytes), but donor A was significantly higher than donor C (p<0.05). Development to blastocyst in donor B, C and E was significantly higher than those in donor A and D (31.0, 25.0 and 25.0% vs. 14.3 and 4.5%), but donor A was not different in donor C and E (p<0.05). Nine out of 10 blastocysts (90.0%) derived from OPU blastocysts were confirmed male embryos that was induced with Y-bearing semen to confirm sex ratio only. Total 96 blastocysts derived from female bearing semen were transferred into synchronized recipients and then confirmed 42 recipients (43.8%) pregnancy rate, 36 offspring (37.5%) and 91.7% female sex ratio (33 female vs. 3 male offspring). Taken together all data, elite dairy female offspring could be produced effectively by in vitro production system between pre-selected x-bearing semen and OPU derived oocytes that would be influential breeder in the breeding of dairy farm to increase effectively elite dairy offspring ratio as well as net income in the dairy farmer.

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a constituent of turmeric powder derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been shown to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, a need exists to design more effective analogs because of curcumin's poor intestinal absorption. EF-24 (diphenyl difluoroketone), the monoketone analog of curcumin, has shown good efficacy in anticancer screens. However, the effects of curcumin and EF-24 on salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells are not clearly established. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin and EF-24 on cell growth and induction of apoptosis in human salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells. Our studies showed that curcumin and EF-24 inhibited the growth of HTB-41 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the potency of EF-24 was > 34-fold that of curcumin. Treatment with curcumin or EF-24 resulted in nuclear condensation and fragmentation in HTB-41 cells, whereas the control HTB-41 cell nuclei retained their normal regular and oval shape. Curcumin and EF-24 promoted proteolytic cleavages of procaspase-3/-7/-9, resulting in an increase in the amount of cleaved caspase-3/-7/-9 in the HTB-41 cells. Caspase-3 and -7 activities were detected in viable HTB-41 cells treated with curcumin or EF-24. These results suggest that the curcumin and EF-24 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in HTB-41 human salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells, and that they may have potential properties as an anti-cancer drug therapy.

The aim of the study was to investigate the neural substrates associated with processing anger among young males with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen individuals with AUD and 15 demographically similar non-abusers participated in the study. Participants were scanned on their brain functioning while they viewed an audio-visual film clip that was previously designed specifically to induce anger emotion, followed by anpsychological assessment. Greater brain activities were detected in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) among subjects with AUD compared to the controls during the exposure to anger-provoking stimuli. Despite the same level of subjective anger during anger induction, the greater activations both in the IFG and dACC regions may suggestthat individuals with AUD have a greater propensity to undergo cognitive control and self-regulation while experiencing anger.

According to the statistics of the last five years, fishing vessel accidents accounted for about 80% of collisions of all ships and has led to many casualties. To prevent collision accidents, it is important to assess the collision risk potential related to the sailing characteristics of fishing vessels. The authors represented the traffic patterns of vessels that sail around Wando waters based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) and Radio Detecting and Ranging (RADAR) data. The authors analyzed the statistical near miss data between fishing vessels and non-fishing vessels in the Wando Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) area and assessed the risk of ship collisions. From this research, the authors identified waters with a high risk of ship collisions. The analyzed results can be used as basic data to develop collision prevention strategies which aides the decision making and efficient operation of VTS officers (VTSO.)

This study was carried out to find out the effect of water stress (RDI) on multiplication of plant parasitic nematodes on grapevines. The responses to irrigation treatments were not significantly different in relation to new root growth, root dry weight and total number of parasitic nematodes, however significant differences in the density of Meloidogyne javanica in the soil between daily irrigation and the treatment with water stress (RDI). The main effect of inoculum type was significant, and the water treatments significantly affected total root growth between the nematode treatments, as well as M. javanica density in the soil in the nematode treatments. The daily irrigation treatment with Pratylenchus spp. had the least root growth but was not significantly different to root growth in the RDI treatment with Pratylenchus spp. Similarly with RDI, there was no significant difference in root growth in treatments receiving combined nematode inoculum between daily irrigation and RDI. However, root growth in treatments receiving M. javanica in RDI was significantly greater than those receiving M. javanica with daily irrigation. Under RDI treatment, the number of M. javanica recovered from soil receiving M. javanica inoculum was significantly greater than under daily irrigation. However, there was no significant difference between daily irrigation and RDI in the number of M. javanica or Pratylenchus recovered from soil receiving the combined treatment or in Pratylenchus recovered from soil in the Pratylenchus treatment.

본 연구에서는 아산 외암마을의 정보시설물을 중심으로 민속마을의 활성화 방안을 구체화하기 위해 지역색을 포함한 시설물의 계획 방향을 모색하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구의 진행은 문헌조사 및 분석을 통해 아산 외암마을 공공시설 물의 현황과 지역색을 파악하고 그 자료를 바탕으로 지역색 도출과 공공시설물 색채를 통하여 마을 정보시설물의 색채 적 특성을 분석하였다. 조사 결과 아산 외암마을의 정보시설물은 PB계열이 주를 이루고 있으며 색채 이미지 형용사 또한 ‘은은한’, ‘모던한’, ’정적인’, ‘단순한’으로 분석되었다. 마을 대표요소들을 분석해 추출한 지역색은 Y계열이 주를 이루고 있고 색채 이미지 형용사는 ‘전통적인’, ‘격식있는’, ‘클래식한’, ‘전원적인’으로 분석되었다. 분석결과 정보시설물은 지역적 특색을 포함하 고 있지 않다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이 결과를 바탕으로 아산 외암마을의 지역적 아이덴티티를 나타내기 위해서는 지역색 활용에 대한 필요성이 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이와 같은 연구 결과로 미래의 아산 외암마을 정보시설물 색채계획 재설정에 대한 기초적 자료로 활용 될 것으로 기대된다.

Malaysia has asserted sovereign rights over the ND6 and ND7 sea blocks, which partially overlap with the Ambalat and East Ambalat sea blocks. Indonesia has also asserted sovereign rights over there. This article argues the validity of Malaysia’s claim over the ND6 and ND7 sea blocks by virtue of the Pulau Ligitan dan Pulau Sipadan case in which the International Court of Justice found that the 4°10′ N parallel mentioned in the 1891 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands Defining Boundaries in Borneo terminated on the east coast of Sebatik and did not extend seawards. This article finds that Malaysia may use the Sipadan and Ligitan Islands as a basis to assert sovereign rights over the ND6 and ND7 sea blocks. The authors also highlights several other documents including a 1954 British declaration and bilateral treaties between Malaysia and Indonesia.

Beyond transnational litigation which seeks to hold corporations accountable for their misconduct overseas through judicial recourse, the risk of human rights abuses should be mitigated by embedding good practices locally through domestic laws and policies. The United Nations proposed Guiding Principles for transnational and other businesses for this purpose in 2011. It has been suggested that National Actions Plans should give effect, or at the very least policy coherence, to the international standards enshrined in the Guiding Principles. This article argues that, properly devised, such plans are invaluable, and can help to reinforce regional imperatives under international law. In Southeast Asia, particularly, the prospect of corporate accountability should be measured by existing or emergent regulatory norms in ASEAN, a regional bloc that aims to achieve parity of rules and regulations across the ten countries through economic integration.

The analytical method for the determination of phosphorus in foods was validated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in terms of precision, accuracy, recovery efficiency and linearity. Regression analysis revealed good correlation coefficient, higher than 0.999. Recovery efficiencies of the minerals ranged from 90.36% to 110.63%, and the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0745 mg/ kg and 0.2482 mg/kg, respectively. The value of inter-day and intra-day ranged from 1.43 to 3.23% and from 0.40 to 1.77%. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 97.8 to 110.6%. The method was also compared with Molybdenum blue colorimetric method using certified and statistically significant difference was also not observed in the between two different analytical methods. The ICP-OES method was applied to phosphorus determination in commonly consumed foods. The obtained results suggest that the method verified in the present study may be used as an official analytical method for clear understanding of phosphorus database for national health promotion.

The oocyte undergoes various events during maturation and requires many substances for the maturation process. Various intracellular organelles are also involved in maturation of the oocyte. During the process glucose is essential for nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and adenosine triphosphate is needed for reorganization of the organelles and cytoskeleton. If mitochondrial function is lost, several developmental defects in meiotic chromosome segregation and maturation cause fertilization failure. The endoplasmic reticulum, a store for Ca2+, releases Ca2+ into the cytoplasm in response to various cellular signaling molecules. This event stimulates secretion of hormones, growth factors and antioxidants in oocyte during maturation. Also, oocyte nuclear maturation is stimulated by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor. This review summarizes roles of organelles with focus on the Golgi apparatus during maturation in oocyte.

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the effects of low-dye taping on peak plantar pressure following treadmill walking exercise, 2) to determine whether the biomechanical effectiveness of low-dye taping in peak plantar pressure was still maintained following removal of the tape during treadmill walking, and 3) to determine the trend towards a medial-to-lateral shift in peak plantar pressure in the midfoot region before and after application of low-dye taping. Twenty subjects with flexible flatfoot were recruited using a navicular drop test. The peak plantar pressure data were recorded during five treadmill walking sessions: (1) un-taped, (2) baseline-taped, (3) after a 10-minute treadmill walking exercise, (4) after a 20-minute treadmill walking exercise, and (5) after removal of the taping. The foot was divided into six parts during the data analysis. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to investigate peak plantar pressure variations in the six foot parts in the five sessions. This study resulted in significantly increased medial forefoot peak plantar pressure compared to the un-taped condition (p=.017, post 10-minute treadmill walking exercise) and (p=.021, post 20-minute treadmill walking exercise). The peak plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot showed that there was a significant decrease after sessions of baseline-taped (p=.006) and 10-minute of treadmill walking exercise (p=.46) compared to the un-taped condition. The tape removal values were similar to the un-taped values in the five sessions. Thus, the findings of the current study may be helpful when researchers and clinicians estimate single taping effects or consider how frequently taping should be replaced for therapeutic purposes. Further studies are required to investigate the evidence in support of biomechanical effectiveness of low-dye taping in the midfoot region.

Purpose: This study was to find the correlation between exophthalmetry of dominant eye and visual function. Methods: 200 adults without ophthalmophathy and general disease was examined. Used the hertel's exophthalmometer, measure the exophthalmetry dominant eye. Examination with three repetition for visual function element using the accommodaion target, PD meter and Phoropter. Results: For examination value, the exophthalmetry is 13.62±1.07 mm, myopia is – 2.48±1.91, distance exophoria is 3.51±1.78, near exophoria is 5.73±2.44, near point of convergence 9.63±2.82 cm, and near point of accommodation 21.73±10.28 cm. while increased exophthalmetry of dominant eye, the unaided visual acuity, myopia and astigmatism are decreased. On the other hand, distance exophoria, distance esophoria, near exophoria, near point of convergence and near point of accommodation also increased, while exophthalmetry of dominant eye is increased. Conclusions: The relationship between Visual function and exophthalmetry of dominant eye are founded to be statistically significant. And It could be the clinical criteria for prescription binocular inspection.

This study analyzed the growth characteristics of multi-layer planted trees through their growth analysis and attempted to present a management strategy. The subject of research is the Citizen's Forest Area of Seoul Forest Park located in Seoul City. Field surveys were conducted three times over eight years from 2005 when the Seoul Forest Park was created through 2013. Labels were attached to all trees in the target area, and their species, height and DBH were investigated. To identify the growth differences by trees in each area, a detailed tree location map was drawn up for use in the analysis. To check soil health, soil organic matter, soil pH and soil microbial activities were analyzed. It turned out that the growth of the multi-layer planted trees in the target area of research was higher than that of the trees in existing urban parks, and that it was similar to that of trees in natural forests. Through a field survey in the area with a remarkably low growth, high-density planting problem, soil was found to have excess-moisture and there was the problem of Pueraria lobata covering. As a result of the analysis of the soil, it was found that its organic content in the soil was lower; soil pH was higher; and microbial activities in the soil were lower when compared to that of natural forests.

Stream ecosystems are closely related to many human activities. Therefore, streams are affected by anthropogenic disturbances such as riverine development and gravel-mining as well as deterioration of water quality. The goal of this study was to elucidate the recolonization process of the macroinvertebrate community after a small-scale anthropogenic disturbance. Field studies were conducted at three sites in a natural stream. The number of recolonizing species tended to increase slightly over time, exceeding the total species number of the control. Ephemeroptera contributed the most to shaping the recolonizing pattern of the entire community. From the result of changes in dominant species, the early recolonizers of each site were the species that showed more frequent occurrence particulary at each sites. But the late recolonizers are Chironomidae at all the sites commonly. This result implies that the actual differences exist among the recolonizing trends of each benthic macroinvertebrate taxon. Collector-gatherers and scrapers comprised about 70% of the recolonizing species. These results indicate that the recolonizing process of an aquatic community after an artificial disturbance depends on the environmental conditions(particularly substratum composition or organic pollution) of the habitat.

This study was conducted to investigate the movement and home range of the red-tongued viper snake (Gloydius ussuriensis) from June 2006 to June 2009. This snake species inhabits an islet on Jeju Island, Gapado. A total of 132 individual snakes were marked during the study. Among the marked individuals, the number of snakes recaptured more than once was 22 (16.8 %) and the number of individuals recaptured more than twice was eight (6.1 %), indicating a relatively low recapture rate. The durations from capture to recapture varied from 1 to 710 days. However, the capture points were not much different, indicating that the moved distance of snakes and the interval between capture-recapture were not correlated. The home ranges of the Red-tongued viper snakes calculated from data of the snakes which were captured more than three times using the MCP(minimum convex polygon) method were 8∼167 ㎡(64.0±57.0 ㎡), suggesting that this snake is relatively sedentary. Home range size differences between female (Mean=62.0 ㎡) and male (Mean=66.0 ㎡) snakes were not significant. In the red-tongued viper population of Gapado, there was no statistically significant relationship between body size and home range size although it was positively correlated (r=0.675). Our results provide valuable data to understand life patterns of the red-tongued viper snakes and will be useful when conducting further ecological studies on other snake species.

When manufacturing bulk graphite, pores develop within the bulk during the carbonization process due to the volatile components of the fillers and the binders. As a result, the physical properties of bulk graphite are inferior to the theoretical values. Impregnants are impregnated into the pores generated in the carbonization process through pressurization and/or depressurization. The physical properties of bulk graphite that has undergone impregnation and re-carbonization processes are outstanding. In the present study, a green body was manufactured by molding with natural graphite flakes and phenolic resin at 45 MPa. Bulk graphite was manufactured by carbonizing the green body at 700 and it was subsequently impregnated with impregnants having viscosity of 25.0 cP, 10.3 cP, and 5.1 cP, and the samples were re-carbonized at 700°C. The above process was repeated three times. The open porosity of bulk graphite after the final process was 22.25%, 19.86%, and 18.58% in the cases of using the impregnant with viscosity of 25.0 cP, 10.3 cP, and 5.1 cP, respectively.