This paper was focused on the pressing issues of the U.S. correctional system. The outlines of the paper is as follows: Chap. 1. Introduction, Chap. 2. The Development of Corrections in the U.S., Chap. 3. The Organization of Corrections in the U.S., Chap. 4. Issues in the U.S. Corrections, Chap. 5. Concluding Remarks. The findings can be summarized as follows: From the colonial days to the present in the United States of America, the methods of criminal sanctions that are considered appropriate have varied. The development of the penitentiary brought a shift from corporal punishment. The Pennsylvania and New York systems were competing approaches to implementing the ideas of the penitentiary. The Declaration of Principles of 1870 contained the key element for the reformatory and rehabilitation models of corrections. The administration of corrections in the United States is fragmented in that various levels of government are involved. Jails, which are administered by local government, hold persons awaiting trial as well as sentenced offenders. Prison populations have more than doubled during the past decade. There has also been a great increase in facilties and staff to administer them.

우리나라에 있어서 2001년 1월 28일에 법률 제6206호로 민영교도소등의설치ㆍ운영에관한법률이 제정되었다. 이 법에 제정되기 이전에 교도소의 민영화가 타당한지 여부와 관련하여 상당한 논란이 존재하였다. 하지만 이제는 이 법이 제정된 이상 현시점에서 중요한 문제는 앞으로 어떻게 이 법을 적용하고 그로 인한 문제점을 해결할 것인지 여부다. 이러한 관점에서 민영교도소의 역사가 일천한 우리나라법제에 있어서는 외국의 경험을 빠짐없이 주시할 필요가 있다. 그 중에서도 민영교도소의 역사가 오래되었고 이와 관련된 사례가 풍부한 미국의 경험은 우리나라의 민영교도소가 앞으로 겪을 시행착오를 줄이는 데 도움이 될 것으로 믿는다. 미국의 민영교도소를 주제로 한 국내문헌이 여러 편 발표되어 있는 현실에서 본고는 미국의 민영교도소와 관련된 법적 쟁점을 중심으로 논의한다. 이러한 쟁점에는 다음의 세 가지가 존재한다. 그 첫 번째 쟁점은 교도소의 운영이 오로지 정부기능이기 때문에 민간기업에 위임이 불가하다는 이유로 교도소민영화를 인정하는 법률이 위헌인지 여부다. 본고는 이 쟁점에 대하여 교도소민영화를 인정하는 법률이 위헌이 아니란 것을 논증한다. 그 두 번째 쟁점은 민영교도소의 수용자가 정부가 운영하는 교도소의 수감자와 동일한 헌법상 보장된 권리를 누릴 수 있는지 여부다. 이와 관련하여 각종 테스트는 민영교도소의 수용자가 정부가 운영하는 교도소의 수감자와 동일한 헌법상 보장된 권리를 향유할 수 있다는 점을 입증한다. 교도소민영화를 인정하는 법률이 합헌이고 민영교도소의 수용자가 정부가 운영하는 교도소의 수감자와 동일한 헌법상 보장된 권리를 향유한다면 정부공무원에게 일반적으로 적용되는 면책규정이 민영교도소의 교도관에게 확대 적용할 수 있는지 여부가 세 번째 쟁점이다. 이 쟁점과 관련하여 본고는 민영교도소의 교도관이 제1983조에 따른 소에서 제한적 면책을 받을 수 없다는 것을 판례를 통하여 설명한다. 하지만 본고는 민영교도소에 대한 이해를 돕기 위하여 우선적으로 민영교도소의 역사를 다룬다. 여기에서는 미국에 있어서 민영화에 대한 일반론 및 민영교도소의 역사를 함께 고찰한다. 그런 다음 미국에서 주장되어 온 교도소의 민영화에 대한 찬반론을 소개한다. 그리고 전술한 바와 같은 세 가지 쟁점을 집중적으로 논의한 다음 결론을 내린다.

The article is to describe the recent phenomena in the area of American culture and religion such as multiculturalism, popular religion, and civil religion. It is also to evaluate those phenomena from the viewpoint of a missiological perspective. Multiculturalism is defined as all kinds of activities which try to support the various cultures and heritages of ethnic people groups and to overcome ethnocentrism. It is criticized by the conservatives as a political theory which tends to lose its truth, universality, and objectivity. From the missiological point of view, it can be used for developing the multicultural strategies for Christian missions. Popular religion exists outside the official religious institutions and it is related to the folk beliefs such as dream, charisma, trans meditation, channeling, angels, faith healing, and etc. It is criticized by Neoorthodox theologians that it tends to neglect the historical and political aspects of the social phenomena. Even though it is criticized by them as syncretism, it can be helpful for Christian missions to understand people's popular lives. Civil Religion is to respect the virtues and values of American citizens which are traced to Christian values such as temperance, private assets, individual responsibility, and patriotism. It is criticized as an ecumenical Protestant tribalism which tends to be misused by the imperialistic expansionism to destroy the cultures of minority. From the perspective of Christian missions, it should transform its selfishness into the world brotherhood in the 21 st century of the universal and multicultural world.

The result of variance decomposition through yield of Treasury of 30 year maturity of USA, S&P 500 index, stock price of KEPCO has 76.12% of impulse of KEPCO stock price at short-term horizon, but they have 51.40% at long-term horizon. After one year, they occupy 13.65%, and 33.25%. So their effects are increased. By the way, S&P 500 index and yield of Treasury of 30 year maturity of USA have relatively more effect for forecast of stock price oi KEPCO at short-term & long-term. The yield of Treasury of 30 year maturity of USA more than S&P 500 index have more effect for stock price of KEPCO. It is why. That foreign investors through fall of stock price of USA invest for emerging market is less than movement for emerging market of hedge funds through effect of fall of yield of Treasury of 30 year maturity of USA, according to relative effects for stock price of Korea companies. The result of variance decomposition through won/dollar foreign exchange rate, yield of corporate bond of 3 year maturity, Korea Stock Price index(KOSPI), stock price of KEPCO has 81.33% of impulse of KEPCO stock price at short-term horizon, but they have 41.73% at long-term horizon. After one year, they occupy 23.57% and 34.70%. So their effects are increased. By the way, KOSPI and won/dollar foreign exchange rate have relatively more effect for forecast of stock price of KEPCO at short-term & long-term. The won/dollar foreign exchange rate more than KOSPI have more effect for stock price of KEPCO. It is why. The recovery of economic condition through improvement of company revenue causes of rising of KOSPI. But, if persistence of low interest rate continues, fall of won/dollar foreign exchange rate will be more aggravated. And it will give positive effect for stock price of KEPCO. This gives more positive effect at two main reason. Firstly, through fall of won/dollar foreign exchange rate and rising of credit rating of Korea will be followed. Therefore, foreign investors will invest more funds to Korea. Secondly, inflow of foreign investment funds through profit of won/dollar foreign exchange rate and stock investment will be occurred. If appreciation of won against dollar is forecasted, foreign investors will buy won. Through this won, investors will do investment. Won/dollar foreign exchange rate is affected through external factors of yen/dollar foreign exchange rate, etc. Therefore, the exclusion of instable factors for foreign investors through rising of credit rating of Korea is necessary things.

Nowadays, there are many issues in introducing accreditation of occupational therapy education in Korea. Accreditation is a system for recognizing educational institutions and professional programs affiliated to those institutions on a level of performance, integrity, and quality which entitles them to the confidence of the educational community and the public they serve. I believe accreditation system in the United States is well-established through nongovernmental, voluntary institutional or professional association. On the basis of analyzing accreditation system of the United States, this study introduces the arrangement for establishing of accreditation policy in Korea.

The purpose of this article is to examine the treatment program of adolescent sex offenders in America. Thereby, it attempts to provide several improvement ways in adolescent sex offender treatment in Korea. In America, the social policy response to adolescents who commit sexual offenses has undergone dramatic change since the early 1980s. Prior to this time, acts of sexual offense by teenagers were often dismissed or trivialized. And treatment programs were rare. But, the crimes are considered serious, juvenile sex offenders are routinely prosecuted since 1980s. Sex offending by teenagers has come to be viewed as a unique form of deviance that requires different rehabilitative strategies than do those employed with other offenders. So, specialized treatment programs have proliferated. The cornerstone of policies regarding intervention, both within institutions and in community, is that juveniles who commit sexual offenses should be mandated to participate in specialized treatment programs that specifically address the sex offense behavior. Specialized treatment programs for adolescent sex offender have proliferated, continuously. Specialized treatment programs for adolescent sex offender are provided within institutions and in community in America. And most programs are provided in community. Based on reviewing realities of adolescent sex offender program in America, it suggest several ways for effective treatment in Korea.

According to International Maritime Organization. more than 50% of cargoes transported by sea today can be regarded as dangerous or hazardous ones, mainly consisting of chemical cargoes in bulk, likely solid or liquid and other materials, such as gases and products for and of the oil refinery industry. 46% of total cargoes handled in ports of Korea in 1999. is said to be dangerous cargoes. These dangerous and hazardous cargoes are quite within a high realms of possibility of accidents, likely to be grave disaster. This paper reviews current risk management system for the dangerous and hazardous cargoes sea-transportation, mainly focusing on the prevailing regal regimes in both USA and Korea. And it aims to suggest some points for advancing the existing Korean system.

This study looked specifically at the community corrections programs in Virginia where those are being practiced statewide. For the research, the interviews with program managers not only in the state level but also in the specific field level were conducted. The major findings are as follows: (1) For the successful management of these programs, it is important to make best use of community resources and to manage the conflicts with local residents effectively. (2) Even though in Virginia community corrections programs are cost-efficient, the operation of these programs cannot be stable because of budgetary or political reason. So the success of community corrections depends upon the favorable policy environment to these fields. (3) More programs may be initiated by the existing correctional systems in lieu of creating new community corrections programs or facilities. All in all, the diversion center program, especially for non-felon women offenders can be useful and considerable in the short run in Korea. This program can be applied in private prisons, women's correctional facilities or open house facilities in our nation.

본 연구는 한국에 거주하는 미국인 및 캐나다인의 식품구입 및 한국식당 이용실태를 조사한 결과 한국마켓에서의 식재료가 안전한지를 묻는 질문에 38%가 아니라고 응답하였고 77%가 음용수의 안전성을 확신한다고 대답하였으나 54%의 응답자는 수입된 물을 구입해서 마신다고 하였으며 한국음식을 상당히 좋아하고 한국음식점을 즐겨 찾는 것으로 나타났으며 한국음식의 단맛, 짠맛, spicy한 정도는 강하지 않다고 응답하였고 식당 종업원들의 위생관념에는 만족하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 응답자가 한국마켓에서의 식재료의 안전도에 관해서는 신뢰하고 있었으나, 일부 응답자들은 본국에서 음용수 및 음식을 가져다 먹는다고 응답한 것으로 보아 식재료에 대한 더욱 철저한 위생관리가 필요하다고 여겨지며, 또한 한국음식점 이용에 대한 질문에서도 전반적으로 좋은 반응을 보였으나 종업원의 위생관념의 부족을 지적한 바, 음식점에서의 위생분야에 더욱 주의를 기울여야 할 것을 지적하고자 한다.

리스크 관리 실패는 기업 및 국가 경쟁력 약화 요인으로 작용하고 있으며 현재 선진 각 국에서는 리스크 경영시스템을 구축하고 도입함으로써 시각과 발상의 전환, 그리고 국면타개를 도모하고 있습니다. 이에 본 논문은 선진국에서 현재까지 진행되어 온 리스크 정책 개발 동향을 조사 연구하고, 선진국의 경우 정부적인 차원에서 어떠한 내용의 프로젝트를 수행하고 있는지 조사 연구하여 국내 기업 여건에 맞는 리스크 경영시스템 구축에 중요한 정보를 제공하고, 시스템 구축에 대한 방향을 제시하고자 합니다.

This article traces the process in which gender-specific approach was emerged to rehabilitate female offenders in the United States and introduces a few promising gender specific programs for female juvenile delinquents. Gender-specific services refer according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention(OJJDP) the correctional services that are designed to meet the unque needs of female offenders; that value the female perspective; that celebrate and honor the female experience; that respect and take into account female development; that empower girls and young women to reach their full potential; and that work to change established attitudes that prevent or discourage girls and young women from reaching their potential. The emergence of the gender-specific approach can be explained by two factors. empirically, female offenders, especially female delinquents, have been one of the fastest growing criminal population since the 1900s. Correctional personnel recognised the role of gender-sensitive correctional programming to curtail the size of female delinquent population. They realized many current services for juveniles are aimed at the rehabilitation and education of male delinquents. Second, many criminological research based on feminist perspective have found that female offenders are quite different from male offenders in various ways; girls are incarcerated for status offenses that boys; girls develop self-esteem and female identity differently; girls are pressured to conform the traditional gender roles and the gender stereotyping plays a central role in creating female delinquents; girls have gender unique problems such as physical, sexual abuse, domestic violence and adolescent pregnancy. The combination of these two trends resulted in the amendment of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, in which states should review the issue of gender bias in the current juvenile correctional programs before receiving federal

Boot camp programs, frequently called "shock incarceration" programs, appeared in the early eighties as an alternative to traditional correctional programs. Offenders in these programs spend a relatively short period of time in a quasi-military program involving physical training, drill, manual labor, and strict discipline. Since 1983, 49 boot camp prisons have been opened in 33 State correctional jurisdictions, in addition to many programs developed and being considered in cities and counties, and for juveniles. The past decade has witnessed considerable interest in the concept of boot camps as a potentially effective intermediate sanction for certain types of Offenders. The research findings indicate that boot camps may be a useful alternative sanction to keep first offenders from offending again over the short terms, but that the long-term effects on recidivism or reduction of cost and prison crowding have not yet been determined. There is growing evidence that cost savings can be achieved if boot camps are used as an alternative to confinement. Because shock incarceration programs confine offenders for relatively short periods (3-6months), they may not be able to prepare the participants fully for readjustment to the community. More follow-up for participants in terms of aftercare services - employment assistance, drug treatment, etc - may, therefore, be an essential aspect of successful programs. Although boot camp programs are expected to remain popular for now, it is not known if growth can be sustained. Among the factors affecting such growth are political and popular interest, success in achieving program goals, and legal issues associated with the selection of program participants.

This study aims to analyze programs for inmates : education, work, recreation, and religion. In America the condition of the prisoner should be the principle of least eligibility. Also Educational programs are probably the most important prison programs available for inmates. Because academic skills programs may also be a major contributing factor to develope practical knowledge in many areas. In addition vocational programs for inmates are thought to be the best vehicles for breaking the cycle of recidivism. These programs are aimed at providing inmates with contemporary marketable skills relating to specific jobs on the outside. Prison work for inmates consists of two general types of jobs : those that maintain the institution and industrial or productive in nature. Recreational programs are intended to encourage inmates to make constructive use of leisure time in America. Chaplains' main mission is to minister to inmates to help interaction of inmate and religious activities. This study concluded that desirable programs for inmates is education with humanity.