The study of personality has intrigue psychologists for most of twentieth century. Sport psychologist have been no exception, almost six hundered orignal studies of the relationship of personality to sport performance had been conducted by the mid-1970s alone. The present review deals with investigations which have been directed toward an understanding of the personality characteristics of various athletic sub-groups and between athletes and non-athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine possibility to change through sport activities through review of literature. It was found that athletes more emotional stability, aggressiveness, self-control and outgoing activities, and lower anxiety than those of non-athletes, and sport sub-groups were differently formed in personality characters because they were differently placed situation and experience.

여기에 제시한 수업 연구를 위한 5가지 접근 방법은 필자의 임의적 구분에 불과하다. 경우에 따라서는 6, 7가지 형태로 늘이거나 2, 3가지로 좁혀서 구분할 수 도 있을 것이다. 누구나 교육연구에 대하여 각자의 문제를 해결하는데 가장 좋은 접근방법을 적용한다면 얼마든지 가능할 것이다. 여기서는 수업연구에 관련된 개념, 특수성 분석방법에 관한 몇가지 접근방법을 유형화 한것을 제시하는데 불과하다. 교육연구와 실천은 수업연구에 대한 인식과 상호 보충적인 노력 즉 다원적인 접근없이는 소기의 성과를 거두기 어려울 것이다.

In the Sailing Rules of International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, any definite distance between two vessels approaching each other is not referred for adequate maneuvering to avoid collision. At sea the officer in charge of bridge duty is required to guess safe distance before he takes maneuvering actions needed to avoid collision. Papers on safe distances calculated on the base of the motiional characteristics of ships for collision avoiding actions are very few. In this paper, the minimum safe approaching distances necessary for actions to be taken to avoid collision are calculated in numerical numbers definitely by mathematic formula based on the maneuvering indices got from experiments of actual ships. On the assumption that two vessels same in size and conditions are approaching each other, the author calculated the minimum safe approaching distance as 4.5 times, sufficient safe approaching one as 9.0 times the length of the ship involved in head-on situation and 5.0 times, 10 times respectively the length of the ship in each case mentioned above in crossing situation.