This study analyses the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from the painting and printing facilities, as well as ambient VOCs at industrial complexes in Gwangju. The major components of VOCs emissions from painting facilities were toluene, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, o-xylene and m,p-xylene. The printing facilities mostly emitted ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, acetone and toluene. Aromatics (49.9%) and oxygenated VOCs (43.6%) were dominant in painting facilities, while oxygenated VOCs (92.7%) were the largest group in printing facilities. The total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) in printing facilities was approximately six times higher than in the painting facilities. The painting and printing facilities use many solvents. Their THC concentrations differed considerably depending on the type of prevention facilities. To reduce THC, it is necessary to improve the prevention facilities and operating conditions. The dominant species of ambient VOCs in industrial complexes were investigated with toluene, ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, ethyl benzene, m,p-xylene, butyl acetate, o-xylene, hexane and acetone. Factor analysis of ambient VOCs showed that the main sources of the VOCs were organic solvents used in painting, coating, and printing, as well as automobile emissions.

This study aims to identify participating resident awareness of the improvements to forest carbon cycle villages created by the Korea Forest Service by introducing a system for district heating basedon forest biomass in mountainous areas. Hwacheon Forest Carbon Circulation village was established in Paroho-neureup village in Yuchon-ri, Hwacheon-gun between 2011 and 2013. However, its operation has not been smooth due to the increasing number of households rapidly leaving the district heating system. This study surveyed 76 households that participated in the district heating system using forest biomass in the early stages of the project. This includes households participating in the district heating system(participating households) and households not currently participating in the district heating system(withdrawal households) from September 2019. Surveys focused on the process of participating in forest carbon cycle village projects, and satisfaction in local heating and policy requirements. Of the 67 households, excepting those not allowed to participate in the survey due to death or having moved elsewhere, 36 households participated and 31 households the were in the process of leaving the village were also included. As a result, there was a significant difference between participating and exiting households in the motivation and satisfaction level of district heating. The results of this study are expects to reflect the importance of awareness of residents in the operation of the forest carbon cycle village. This will be utilized as an important dataset for improvement as a means to promote the re-entry if outgoing households. It will also help set the direction of the forest town revitalization project, utilizing forest biomass in the future.

In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of summertime thermal environments in the two subtropical cities (Jeju and Seogwipo) of Jeju Island, Korea are examined. Long-term average data from Jeju and Seogwipo show that higher human sensible temperature (HST) than air temperature (T) due to the high humidity effects associated with warm sea surface temperature around Jeju Island is most distinct during mid-summer period (late July-early August). Comparatively, their trend analyses reveal that summertime intra-seasonal changes with more increasing HST than T are most obviously observed in late summer (late September-early October) and regionally in Seogwipo. According to the hourly temperature-humidity data measured at approximately 30 HOBO temperature-humidity sensors deployed in the two subtropical cities during 2019 summer, the greater HST than T during mid-summer period maximizes up to 6.2°C and 7.0°C across the urban areas of Jeju and Seogwipo, respectively in early afternoon, leading to consecutive inter-daily heat wave events. The examination of their spatial patterns demonstrates that bioclimatic heat waves in these two subtropical cities are affected primarily by the urban heat island phenomenon. However, it should not be overlooked that local moisture advection from the warm ocean adjacent to the subtropical cities can modify the stronger heat wave pattern toward urban cores. It is also notable that according to comparisons of local HST and T distributions between impervious urban cores and neighboring urban parks, not only the size of green space but also other ecological properties including species of vegetation may be crucial factors to the mitigation of hot thermal environments in subtropical cities during summers.

영남(岭南) 고전 원림의 건축, 첩산(叠山), 이수(理水)와 식물 배치는 해당 스타일 특징의 4가지 구체적인 표현 형식이다. 본 논문은 중국 청나라 시대에 건설된 영남(岭南) ‘4대명원’(四大名园)을 체계적으 로 연구하였고, 주로 공간 레이아웃, 관상 노선 등의 측면에 대한 비교 분석을 진행하였다. 또한 영남 (岭南) 전통 정원의 건축, 연못, 산석, 화목(花木) 처리의 특징에 대해 자세히 고찰하였다. 중국 청나라는 영남(岭南) 정원 발전의 전성기이며, 고고학적 발굴에 의해 2천 년 전 남월국(南越国) 의 궁궐 유적에서 ‘어화원’(御花园)을 발견되었다. 서기 1995-1997년 사이에 발견된 서한 남월국(南越 国) 궁서(宫署) 어원(御苑) 유적은 현재 중국에서 발견된 가장 오래된 궁중 화원이다. 역사 자료의 기록 에 따르면 남한 시대(南汉时代) 광저우에 ‘선호’(仙湖) 어화원(御花园)이 존재했다고 전해지지만, 현재는 일부 유적의 흔적만이 남아 있다. 현재 광저우 남방희원(南方戏院)은 바로 ‘선호’(南方戏院)의 주요 경관인 약주(药州) 구요원(九曜园) 수석경(水石景)의 유적으로 천 년 이상의 역사를 지니고 있다. 이처럼 오랜 시간을 통해 영남(岭南)의 정원은 지속해서 발견되어 중국 원림 건축 예술의 3대 체계에서 중요한 일부를 형성하게 되었을 뿐만 아니라 소중한 건축 유산으로 전해지고 있다. 다만, 영남(岭南) 정원에 대한 청나라 이전 문헌의 기록과 전해지는 실물은 매우 적으며, 현존하는 실물은 모두 청나라 중기 혹은 청나라 말기에 건축된 것으로 비교적 유명한 4개의 정원으로 순덕청휘원 (顺德清晖园), 번옹여음산방(番禺余荫山房), 동완가원(东莞可园)과 불산(佛山)에 위치한 양원군성초당(梁 园群星草堂) 등이 있다.

중국 전통 민가는 인간의 지혜의 결정체이며, 인류 문화의 살아있는 화석으로, 그 중에서도 전통 민가는 오랜 세월 자연환경과의 융접을 통해 풍부하고 질박한 생태건축 사상을 담아 현지 환경에 적응할 수 있는 귀중한 경험을 많이 쌓았다.그 속에는 생태와 에너지 절약의 이념이 담겨 있다. 기남지역전통민가는자연환경,기후조건,생산방식,생활방식등의영향으로 입지, 공간배치, 용재, 조성기예 등에서 독특한 건축양식을 형성하고 있으며, 입지적응, 환경적응, 배치유연성, 에너지절약, 친환경 등의 전형적인 생태 이념을 보여주고 있다. 이 이념은 기남전통민가의 발전과 지속에 도움이 되며, 전통민가를 녹색생태건축으로 유도한다. 기남전통민가건축의 특색 및 생태이념에 관한 연구는, 현대 신농촌과 도시화 건설에서 새로운 민가의 발전과 조성에 중요한 귀감이 된다.본논문은기남섭현경락진（冀南涉縣更樂鎮大窪村）） 의 대와(大窪) 전통 정원을 예로 들며 영조 사상 및 건조 기예의 생태적 특징을 발굴하였다.전통민가건 축에 대한 생태이념의 전승 및 보호를 목적으로 하고 있다.

개혁개방 이래 도시화는 중국을 크게 변화시키고 있으며, 도시는 사람, 사물, 자금, 정보가 집중되는 플랫폼을 제공하여 각종 산업이 도시에 집약되었다. 관광 축제 이벤트 개최는 각 지역에서 도시 브랜드 와 종합적인 경쟁력을 발전시키는 중요한 조치이며 또한 관광 축제의 성공적인 개최는 지역의 새로운 이미지 활성화에도 크게 기여할 수 있다. 일부 비공식적인 통계에 따르면, 현재 중국의 홀리데이 이벤트 수량이 이미 1만개를 넘어섰고, 전체 규모가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 칭다오의 사회, 경제 발전과 함께 칭다오 국제 맥주 축제와 도시가 상호 발전하고 성장하였다. 칭다오 국제 맥주 축제의 참여자 수는 제1회 축제에서 30만 명이었으나 2019년에는 720만 명에 이렀다. 그에 따라 최초 소규모 지역 축제에서 아시아에서 최대의 맥주 축제로 성장하여 지역 경제, 산업, 도시 브랜드와 도시 건설에 대한 추진 작용이 해마다 증가되고 있으며, 2019년 칭다오 서비스업의 전체 도시 GDP에 대한 기여율이 76.1%에 이르러 중국에서 상위권에 위치하게 되었다. 관광 축제는 축제 개최 기간에 소비되는 제품과 서비스의 직접적인 경제 효과 그리고 축제 개최와 관련된 교통, 광고, 공연, 제품, 요식업, 숙박, 관광 등 연관 산업의 간접적인 효과 등을 통해 지역 경제의 여러 측면에 영향을 끼친다. 관광 축제는 도시 경제와 구조조정 그리고 업그레이드를 추진하여 더욱 활력 있고 경쟁력 있는 경제를 구축할 수 있다.

This study provides a basis for research to establishing air quality standards in Gyeongnam. The trends and deviations in air quality concentrations and short-term environmental standards were analyzed. Furthermore, the regional standards and World Health Organization`s (WHO) air quality guidelines (AQGs) were taken into account. The annual average PM10 standard for cities anc counties ate 40㎍/㎥ and 30㎍/㎥ , respectively. SO2 and NO2 are achieving national standards and need to be strengthened to the minimum regional standard and WHO AQGs. The PM2.5 standard, which has not reached national standards, needs to be set at the level of national standards, and is also the target level for 2024 of the Gyeongsangnam and national PM2.5 management plans.

We analyzed the recent characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) including PM10 (PM with diameter of less than 10μm) and PM2.5 (PM with diameter of less than 2.5μm) observed in Busan metropolitan area, and compared them with those measured in Seoul metropolitan area. This analysis includes the monthly, seasonal, and annual variations and differences, in emissions and chemical compositions observed in both Busan and Seoul areas. Synoptic meteorological conditions were investigated at the time when high PM concentrations occurred in each of the two areas. The results showed clearly decreasing trends of annual mean concentrations with strong seasonal variations: lower in summer and higher in winter in both areas. In comparison with Seoul, the seasonal variation in Busan demonstrated relatively lower, but showed greater summer fluctuations than in Seoul metropolitan area. This is implying the importance of secondary generation of PM in summer via active photochemical reaction in Busan area. In high concentration days, Busan’s chemical composition of sulfate was higher than that of nitrate in summer, whereas nitrate was higher than sulfate in Seoul. The ratios of NO3 - to SO4 2-(N/S ratio) showed lower in Busan approximately by a factor of 1/2(half of N/S ratio) in Busan compared with that in Seoul. Others such as synoptic characteristics and emission differences were also discussed in this study.

Seasonal changes in the CO2 fixation rate and water-use efficiency in the leaves of six evergreen and two deciduous broad-leaved tree species on Jeju Island, Korea, were measured using a portable photosynthesis analyzer, to identify which species are most efficient in taking up CO2 from the air. The CO2 fixation rate was high in the deciduous species in spring and summer and decreased in fall, whereas it was high in the evergreen species in summer and fall and decreased in winter. The rate remained high in the deciduous tree Prunus yedoensis from spring to fall (> 7.1 μmol CO2/m2/s) and in two evergreen trees, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Cinnamomum camphora, in summer and fall (7.0 9.9 μmol CO2/m2/s). Therefore, these tree species fix atmospheric CO2 effectively. The water-use efficiency was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species regardless of the season. Exceptionally, it was high in the deciduous species Zelkova serrata in spring and summer (> 100 μmol CO2/mol H2O), suggesting that Z. serrata is a useful tree for dry conditions due to its tolerance of water stress. The regressions of the CO2 fixation rate versus the evaporation rate and stomatal conductance were linear and non-linear, respectively. This suggests that the stomatal activity of leaves plays an important part in CO2 fixation of plants. In conclusion, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, C. camphora, and P. yedoensis should be planted along roads or in urban spaces for the greening of cities and mitigation of CO2 concentrations in the air.

To determine the size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIS) in roadside aerosols, sampling experiments were carried out in the urban roadside area of Jeju City on August 2018 and January 2019 by using the eight-stage cascade impactor sampler. The mass of roadside aerosols were partitioned at 57% in fine fraction, 36-37% in coarse fraction, and 6-7% in giant fraction, regardless of summer and winter. The mass concentrations of WSIS except for Na+ and SO42- in roadside aerosols were higher in winter than in summer. The size distributions of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- were characterized by bimodal types with coarse particle mode peaking around 3.3-4.7㎛ and 5.8-9.0㎛ . The size distributions of NO3 - and K+ shifted from a single fine mode peaking around 0.7-1.1㎛ in winter to bimodal and/or trimodal types with peaks around coarse mode in summer. SO4 2- and NH4 + showed a single fine mode peaking around 0.7-1.1㎛ . The MMAD of roadside aerosols was lower than that of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl-. Based on the marine enrichment factors and the ratio values of WSIS and the corresponding value for sea water, the composition of roadside aerosols in Jeju City may be practically affected by terrestrial sources rather than marine source.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of fine dust PM10 and heavy metals in PM10 in Asian dust flowing into Gwangju from 2013 to 2018. The migration pathways of Asian dust was analyzed by backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, and the change of heavy metal concentration and heavy metal content per 1 μg/m3 of fine dust PM10 in Gwangju area were analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the heavy metals were analyzed using the correlation between the heavy metals in PM10. As a result of analyzing Asian dust entering the Gwangju region for 6 years, the average concentration of PM10 measured in Asian dust was 148 μg/m3, which was about 4.5 times higher than in non-Asian dust, 33 μg/m3. A total of 13 Asian dust flowed into the Gwangju during 6 years, and high concentration of PM10 and heavy metals in that were analyzed in the C path flowing through the Gobi/Loess Plateau-Korean Peninsula. As a result of the correlation analysis, in case of Asian dust, there was a high correlation between soil components in heavy metals, so Asian dust seems to have a large external inflow. On the other hand, in case of non-Asian dust, the correlation between find dust PM10 and artificial heavy metal components was high, indicating that the influence of industrial activities in Gwangju area was high.

High-resolution meteorological simulations were conducted using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with an Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in the Ulsan Metropolitan Region (UMR) where large-scale industrial facilities are located on the coast. We improved the land cover input data for the WRF-UCM by reclassifying the default urban category into four detailed areas (low and high-density residential areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas) using subdivided data (class 3) of the Environmental and Geographical Information System (EGIS). The urban area accounted for about 12% of the total UMR and the largest proportion (47.4%) was in the industrial area. Results from the WRF-UCM simulation in a summer episode with high temperatures showed that the modeled temperatures agreed greatly with the observations. Comparison with a standard WRF simulation (WRF-BASE) indicated that the temporal and spatial variations in surface air temperature in the UMR were properly captured. Specifically, the WRF-UCM reproduced daily maximum and nighttime variations in air temperature very well, indicating that our model can improve the accuracy of temperature simulation for a summer heatwave. However, the WRF-UCM somewhat overestimated wind speed in the UMR largely due to an increased air temperature gradient between land and sea.

Recently, a heavy rainfall with high spatial variation occurred frequently in the Korean Peninsula. The meteorological event that occurred in Busan on 3 May 2016 is characterized by heavy rain in a limited area. In order to clarify the reason of large spatial variation associated with mountain height and location of low level jet, several numerical experiments were carried out using the dynamic meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In this case study, the raised topography of Mount Geumjeong increased a barrier effect and air uplifting due to topographic forcing on the windward side. As a result, wind speed reduced and precipitation increased. In contrast, on the downwind side, the wind speed was slightly faster and since the total amount of water vapor is limited, the precipitation on the downwind side reduced. Numerical experiments on shifting the location of the lower jet demonstrated that if the lower jet is close to the mountain, its core becomes higher due to the effect of friction. Additionally, the water vapor convergence around the mountain increased and eventually the precipitation also increased in the area near the mountain. Hence, the location information of the lower jet is an important factor for accurately predicting precipitation.

인구와 고용의 감소, 소통의 부재, 물리적 시설의 노후화가 가속화 되어 삶의 터전으로써 도시 지역이 활력을 잃어가고 있다. 이에 도시개발계획 전략 등의 내용을 포함한 전반적인 도시 활성화에 대한 도시마케팅, 도시재생, 도시디자인 등 도시의 가치를 창출하고자 하는 연구가 지속되고 있다. 본 연구는 경기도 오산시의 인구, 사업체, 주택보급율 추이에 따른 생활권 분석과 쇠퇴진단을 통해 활성화 후보지를 선정하여 이에 따른 도시재생 활성화계획의 방향을 연구하고자 한다. 쇠퇴한 도시 지역을 환경적, 경제적, 문화․사회적으로 재생하기 위해서는 지역의 특성을 고려한 개발전략을 수립하고 다양한 산업의 진흥과 특화된 지역문화조성을 통해 지역 활성화를 도모해야 한다. 도시 활성화는 다양한 제도개선과 지역의 잠재력을 통해 지역전략특화산업의 연계를 통한 정책적 계획으로 연구되어야한다. 본 연구에서는 쇠퇴지역의 현안분석을 통해 주민주도의 지속가능한 창조도시재생 활성화 방안으로 스마트재생 커뮤니티 센터건립, 스토리텔링이 있는 거리조성, 쾌적한 주거환경 조성 등을 연구하였다. 도시재생을 추진함에 있어 물리적 요소뿐 아니라 경제・산업요소, 사회복지・문화요소, 정책・제도의 요소들을 분석하여 지속가능한 도시재생 추진을 위한 경기도 오산시만의 도시재생 활성화 방안을 수립하고자 한다.

The detailed characteristics of fog over South Korea were analyzed using the three-years quality controlled (QC) 237 visibility meter data operated by Korea Meteorological Administration. The fog (dense fog: DFog) frequency varies greatly with season and geographic location. The fog frequency at inland is highest in autumn, but at the West Coast in spring and summer. Fog occurs frequently from spring to autumn in the mountainous regions. Unlike the fog, the DFog is mostly prevalent in summer at land, mountain, and coastal regions. The large coefficients of variation of fog and DFog at the three regions and four seasons indicate that the locality of fog over South Korea is very high. The formation and dissipation (FaD) of fog show strong diurnal variations irrespective of geographic location and season, strongest at inland and weakest at sea. Fog usually occurs from night to sunrise and dissipates from early morning to late morning. The maximum FaD time of fog show seasonal variation with the seasonal change in solar elevation angle. The frequency of fog is inversely proportional to the duration time, mostly less than 3 hours regardless of season and geographic location. Also, the duration of DFog is mostly within 1-3 hours.

This study aimed to analyze the prioritized area for the functional change of agricultural reservoir according to the rapid urbanization and social changes through the mapping method. Changwon-si, Gimhae-si,(콤마삽입) and Jinju-si in Gyeongnam province were selected as the study area, considering the results of land-use and cluster analysis. As the planning unit of management area, watershed was used and land coverage map from 1975 to 2015 were analyzed for changes of land use. The reduction ratio (%) of farmland was calculated for identifying the changes in 2013 compared to 1975. As a result, the reduction ratio was 11.9% for Changwon-si, 12.2% for Gimhae-si and 9.3% for Jinju-si, and the number of watershed having functionally reduced potential-area was relatively high in the proportion to the city size.

All of the animals and the plants in ecosystem are intimately connected to one another and the changes of forests and surroundings affect directly wild animals. This study was conducted at Hangyeong-myeon Cheongsu-ri located in the western part of Jeju Island belonging to Hangyeong·Andeok Gotjawal Zone and Jocheon-eup Seonheul-ri located in the eastern part of Jeju Island belonging to Jocheon·Hamdeok Gotjawal Zone. The survey on advent of birds was carried out twice a month from January 2014 to December 2015. We divided habitat environments into three survey sites such as a forest, a shrub forest and a farmland. A total of 65 species and 4,802 individuals were observed during the survey period. In a forest, 36 species and 1,287 individuals were observed while A shrub forest had 40 species and 1,554 individuals. And in a farmland, 41 species and 1,961 individuals were observed. The only 10 species were observed in forest and the only 7 species in shrub forest and the only 10 species in farmland. The species diversity and the evenness of a farmland were the highest, and the species richness was the highest in a shrub forest, and the dominance of a forest was the highest among the three areas. The similarity index between a shurb forest and a farmland was high while that between a forest and a farmland was low. The similarity index related with breeding appeared that a forest and a farmland was different from each other.

To survey the incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes, 187 soil samples from leguminous plant fields in Chungnam province, Korea were assessed from June to August 2018. As the result, four nematode genera ─ the cyst nematode (Heterodera spp.), root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.) ─ were detected. Among them, the incidence of cyst nematode was the highest in Taean (73%) and lowest in Hongseong (10%). The cyst nematode was detected from the adzuki and kidney bean fields as well as soybean fields. The incidence of cyst nematode in upland fields was higher than in paddy fields. In addition, the extracted cyst nematodes consisted of two species, which was identified as Heterodera glycines and H. sojae. The incidence of H. glycines (22%) was higher than H. sojae (10%), and a few of the fields (5%) was mixed with two cyst nematodes. This result suggested that we should consider that the cyst nematode is the major plantparasitic nematode when controlling the nematodes in soybean fields in Chungnam province.

콘크리트는 인장력에 취약한 재료적 특징을 갖기 때문에 콘크리트 구조물의 사용기간 중에 발생하는 균열은 내구성능 평가 시 필히 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 두 수준의 강도를 고려한 플라이애시 콘크리트를 배합하여 옥외 폭로 시험을 실시하였다. 노출 환경은 비말 조건으로 설정하였으며, 균열 폭이 콘크리트의 염화물 확산 거동에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 각 배합의 시편에 0.1 mm 간격으로 최대 1.0 mm 까지의 균열 폭을 야기하였다. 그 후 3가지 수준의 노출기간(180일, 365일, 730일)을 고려하여 겉보기 염화물 확산계수 및 표면 염화물량을 산출하였다. 균열 폭의 증가에 따라 두 배합 모두 확산계수가 증가하였으며, 노출기간이 증가함에 따라 확산계수는 감소하였다. 또한 노출 기간이 증가함에 따라 균열 폭이 확산계수에 미치는 영향이 감소하였는데, 이는 염소 이온 기반 수화물이 콘크리트의 확산성을 저감시키기 때문으로 사료된다. 표면 염화물량 거동은 겉보기 염화물 확산계수 거동 대비 균열 폭의 증가에 따른 뚜렷한 변화 거동이 발생하지 않았으며, 고강도 배합에서 보통 강도 배합 대비 78.9 % ~ 90.7 %의 표면 염화물량을 나타내어 강도와의 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 판단된다.