전후 일본경제는 서구와는 다른 독특한 기업제도와 경영관행으로 비약적인 성장을 거듭해 왔다. 인본주의에 입각한 고용관행, 장기지속적 거래관계, 성장위주의 자원동원방식 등 일본형 기업시스템이라고 불리우는 특징들은 나름대로의 경제적 합리성을 가지고 일본기업의 높은 국제경쟁력 ·기술혁신력 ·환경적응력에 기여해온 것이다. 그러나 90년대 이후 버블붕괴, 超엔고, 고령화, 정보화지연 등 복합적인 요인에 의한 일본경제의 장기불황을 맞이하여 상황은 완전히 바뀌고 있다. 그간 시장과 기업의 계속적인 확대를 전제로 작동해온 기업시스템이 급격한 여건변화에 따라 종래와 같은 유효성을 상실하게 된 것이다. 이로 인해 일본형 기업시스템을 구성하는 각 하위시스템별로 다양한 변화와 변신이 모색되고 있다. 각 구성요소 차원의 변화가 모두 일정한 방향을 향해서 나아가는 것은 아니지만 미래의 기업시스템은 지금보다 좀더 개방적으로, 생산자 중시에서 소비자 내지 생활자 중시의 사고로, 각자의 이해가 반영되고 다양성이 존중되는 성격으로 바뀌게 될 것이다. 또한 종래와 같은 일본적 특수성이 일정 부분 해소되고 서구식의 보편주의에 입각한 제도와 관행을 어느 정도 받아들이지 않을 수 없을 것이다.

국제화된 시장 환경하에서는 국내 요인 뿐만이 아니라 다양한 해외 요인들을 활용하여 다른 기업이 모방하거나 창출하기 어려운 기업 고유의 핵심 역량을 확보 할 수 있느냐가 기업의 경쟁력을 결정짓는 관건이 된다. 경쟁우위 요인을 창출하기 위해 국내 요인 외에도 해외요인까지 활용할 수 있게 하는 것이 국제경영 활동의 역할이다. 국내외의 환경을 최대로 활용하여 다른 기업이 갖지 못한 경쟁우위 요소를 만들어 낼 수 있을 뿐만이 아니라 이러한 활동을 계획하고 실행하는 능력이 다른 경쟁사보다 뛰어나다면 국제경영 활동 그 자체가 기업의 경쟁 우위를 창출할 수 있는 핵심 역량의 일부가 될 수 있을 것이다. 국제경영 활동을 통해 얻을 수 있는 경쟁상의 이점은 본질적으로 국제경영을 하는 기업의 경영 활동 時空間이 확대점으로써 얻어지는 것이라고 하겠다. 국제경영 활동은 기업 활동 공간을 지리적으로 확대할 뿐 아니라 시간적 차원에서도 제품 수명을 연장하거나 현지의 시장 및 환경 정보를 적시에 획득하여 신속히 반응할 수 있도록 함으로써 경쟁사보다 앞설 수 있게 한다. 따라서 본사, 지역 본부, 해외지점 등을 연결하는 정보 흐름의 네트워크가 국제조직의 골간을 형성하게 된다고 할 수 있다.

본 연구는 중국이 우리나라 기업들의 최대 투자대상국으로 부상하면서 중국으로의 해외직접투자에 대한 연구가 보다 활성화되어야 한다는 당위성 아래 기존의 투자업체 및 중국 관련조사자들에게 일반적으로 인식되고 있는 `수출위주일수록, 소유권의 지배를 강화할수록 경영성과가 양호하다`는 주장의 논리적 근거를 제시하고, 이를 실증적으로 분석해 보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 대중국 직접투자 성과 결정요인으로서 시장전략(수출위주 혹은 내수위주)과 소유권전략이 제시되는 이유를 중국이라는 지역이 가지는 환경불확실성 때문으로 인식하고, 이러한 불확실한 외부환경을 관리할 수 있는 효과적인 수단으로 수출위주의 시장전략과 지배적인 소유권을 선택함으로써 경영성과를 제고시킬수 있는 것으로 파악하였다. 연구결과 우리나라 기업들의 대중국 직접투자에서 환경불확실성은 수출위주의 시장전략에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 환경불확실성이 지분비율에 미치는 효과는 미미한 것으로 드러났다. 또한 환경불확실성-경영성과의 관계에서 수출비율은 환경불확실 성에 영향을 받으면서 경영성과에도 독자적으로 영향을 미치는 중개변수(intervening variable)의 효과를, 그리고 지분비율은 경영성과와는 직접적인 관계없이 환경불확실성이 경영성과에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 완화시켜 주는 중재변수(moderated variable)의 역할을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

본 논문에서는 2000년-2020년까지 중국의 연구개발비 투자와 기술비지니스 창업보육센터가 R&D 투자 성과에 미치는 영향에 관하여 분석하였다. R&D는 한 나라 경제의 지속적 성장을 위한 필수적인 요소로 자본과 노동의 추가 투입에 의한 경제성장이 점차 한계에 접어드는 경제구조에 있어서는 더욱 중요한 요소로 인식되고 있다. 올해 3분기 중국의 경제성장률이 3.9%로 예상을 뛰어넘기는 했지만 여전히 4% 미만으로 이전의 고성장 국면으로 반등이 어려울 것으로 예측되고 있다. 무역이 경제성장의 절대적인 요소로 자리매김하는 우리나라의 경우에는 중국이 세계 경제성장의 1/3 이상을 담당하는 상황에서 중국의 경제성장률 둔화는 부담스러울 수밖에 없다. 중국의 R&D 투자를 살펴보고 R&D 활동을 통한 산출물을 분석함으로써 중국 경제의 지속적인 성장 가능성은 논하고자 한다.

This study aims at investigating the effects of internal control effectiveness on business survival of food businesses in Thailand through the mediators of productivity improvement and value creation. In this study, 155 food businesses in Thailand are the samples of the study. The results show that internal control effectiveness has a significant influence on productivity improvement and business survival. Productivity improvement critically affects value creation and business survival while value creation is an important determinant of business survival. However, internal control effectiveness has no relationship with value creation. Also, productivity improvement explicitly mediates the internal control effectiveness-business survival relationships. In summary, internal control effectiveness can enhance firms’ sustainable competitive advantage, superior performance and long-term survival. Firms need to focus on internal control effectiveness through investing their assets and resources and utilizing their abilities, competencies and capabilities in order to continuously develop and improve their appropriate concepts and characteristics in an organization. Better internal control effectiveness definitely leads to more long-term survival. To generalize the research results, future research needs to collect data from other businesses and industries. Increased response rate of the study is important for future research to verify and confirm the research results.

This study was conducted on financial data of 38 economic groups listed on Vietnam’s stock market for the period 2009 – 2019 and it aims to provide an empirical evidence on the impact of working capital management policy on performance in all phases of the economic cycle of Vietnamese economic groups. The study uses FGLS estimation method with 2 dependent variables ROA, GOP, independent variables including INV, AR, AP, CCC, dummy variable representing different phases of the economic cycle, variables Control includes CAT, CR, LEV, SZ, GR. Research shows that the greater the level of investment by companies in liquid assets corresponding to a certain level of activity (shown by average days of inventory (INV), average days of collection. (AR), cash flow cycle (CCC)) the lower the rate of return on assets. The study also provides additional evidence of the negative effects of economic crisis on the performance of economic groups. The study also shows that the number of short-term asset cycles has a positive impact on operational efficiency, and the level of debt use has a negative impact on operational efficiency. This result implies that the managers of economic groups can increase the efficiency of businesses through a reasonable working capital policy.

This study discusses the role of Board Monitoring Effectiveness (BME) on managers’ decisions regarding the business strategies that fit the external business environmental conditions by using a contingency analysis approach. Furthermore, this study will examine how fit strategies affect Sustainability Reporting (SR) of listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2014 to 2017. This study uses Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) technique. This CMP method is claimed to be more efficient in analyzing the TSL models. This study found that in highly uncertain conditions, BME had a positive influence on the probability of managers to choose prospector and defender strategies rather than analyzers. These results indicate that BME shows positive impact on the contingency fit between business strategies and environmental uncertainty. In addition, the study documents that only prospectors have a positive impact on SR, however this study failed to document that defenders have positive impact on SR. Meanwhile the unexpected result is analyzers have a significantly positive effect on SR. This study is the first study to investigate the role of BME in contingency fit between business strategies and environmental uncertainties and how it produces effects up to the level of SR.

This study investigates how financial resources and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) may influence the performance of small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Twenty-seven interviews were conducted and evaluated using the method of GABEK® (A GAnzheitliche BEwältigung von Komplexität – holistic processing of complexity). The research demonstrated that access to financial resources has significantly mediated EO’s effect on the SMEs’ performance. The study found that financial autonomy, enhanced through both personal financing and availability of external finance sources, plays a central role in supporting the EO dimension of autonomy and enhancing the SMEs’ performance. In particular, the other EO dimension of risk-taking is stymied by lack of funds with which to take commercial and market opportunities. However, when an innovation strategy is pursued and adopted, access to finance can be facilitated, either through financial institutions or through other governmental funding programs attracting high potential innovators. Furthermore, financial barriers, difficulties accessing bank financing, and legal issues have a detrimental impact on SMEs’ growth. The study has implications for policy-makers in the UAE, specifically in terms of sending a signal for lending institutions to consider strategies that provide access to affordable financial services to satisfy SMEs’ needs.

This study explores whether the implementation of sustainability disclosure can trigger or stimulate the change in the roles of management accountants in adopting organizations in Vietnam as business partners. To do so, it explores the roles of management accountants in integrated reporting (IR) adopting organizations and sustainability reporting (SR) adopting organizations based on the use of the pragmatic constructivism (PC) theoretical framework. In addition, qualitative semi-structured interviews were used to provide an in-depth investigation of management accountants’ work in both IR and SR adopting organizations. The empirical findings suggest that the adoption of the IR framework has triggered changes in management accountant roles toward the new business partner roles to support the decision-making process within their organizations. On the other hand, management accountants from SR adopting organizations still work as traditional “bean-counter” roles. Our paper concludes by indicating several propositions based on our empirical findings that can be tested by future researchers from the domain by collecting relevant data. Our study can be seen as a response to the recent call for a more in-depth examination of the practice of sustainability disclosure from the practitioners’ perspectives in adopting organizations.

This study aims to assess the impact of competitive pressure and innovation capability on business performance in small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in the batik industry in East Java, Indonesia. Furthermore, this study explores the impact of competitive pressure on business performance through innovation capability as a mediating variable. This research was quantitative using primary data with questionnaire as a method of sampling collection. The measurement of the variables was captured using Likert scale. The respondents were small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the batik industry in East Java Province, Indonesia. The sample totaled 254 subjects. The data analysis was done using SEM-PLS. The results of the study show that: 1) there was a positive direct impact of competitive pressure on business performance; 2) competition pressure positively influences innovation capability; 3) innovation capability positively influences business performance; and 4) innovation capability has a partial mediating role in the effect of competitive pressures on business performance. The findings of this study suggest that managers in SME’s batik industry should increase their effort to cope with the high competitive pressure to increase the innovation capability, so that they can have an advantage to face successfully competitors, leading to higher business performance.

The implementation of physical or social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic has an implication on the shifting of conventional to online business activities. This study aims to explore how financial support, perceived benefits, external pressure determine social media marketing as well as understanding the role of internet and e-business technology (IEBT) that occurs in this relationship. This study adopted a quantitative study with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)-based variance Partial Least Square (PLS), which aims to enhance understanding of the relationship between variables. The surveyed population of this study came from 123 small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners in East Java of Indonesia, using an online survey and selected with the convenience random sampling method. The findings of this study indicated that the perceived benefits and external pressure have a positive effect on the adoption of IEBT. However, financial support failed in explaining SMEs’ adoption of IEBT. This study confirmed that the adoption of IEBT has successfully mediated the influence of financial support, perceived benefits, and external pressure on social media marketing. Despite the samples solely collected from East Java, this study is the first step in research related to the social media marketing in SMEs in Indonesia.

The focus of this study is to investigate the mediating role of online market orientation on information capital readiness-business performance relationship. The construct of information capital readiness is rarely researched. The readiness here refers to the availability of information capital needed to support strategy execution. As quantitative research, this study employs the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses. Data was collected using questionnaires from the owners/managers of the micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the East Java Province, Indonesia. As many as 433 respondents had participated. The result indicates that information capital readiness directly and positively affects business performance. Further analysis reveals that online market orientation partially mediates information capital readiness-business performance relationship. In conclusion, this study suggests that the owners/managers of the MSMEs should improve their information capital readiness to support online market orientation strategy so that it can improve their business performance. This is the first study that brings together the issues of information capital readiness and online market orientation as the antecedents of business performance in the Indonesian MSMEs research setting. The mediating role of online market orientation is rarely explored in previous studies.

Vietnam is the country with the largest animal feed production in Southeast Asia. Domestic animal feed manufacturing enterprises play an important role in animal husbandry in particular and in agriculture in general. However, domestic animal feed enterprises in Vietnam are encountering shortcomings. This paper is conducted to investigate the impact levels of external determinants on business performance of domestic animal feed manufacturing enterprises, including: (i) policy and economic mechanism, (ii) supply-demand of animal feed products, and (iii) nature and level of market competition. We presented a research method, explaining the dependent variable ‘business performance’ and the independent variables. Data were collected from 120 questionnaires from domestic animal feed manufacturing enterprises. Based on these data, we use Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA and run regression model for assessing the impact levels of each independent variable on the dependent variable of business performance of domestic animal feed manufacturing enterprises. The results show that three external determinants including (i) policy and economic mechanism, (ii) supply-demand of animal feed products, and (iii) nature and level of market competition, have positive relationships with business performance. Based on the findings, some recommendations are given for improving business performance of domestic animal feed manufacturing enterprises to ensure sustainability.

The present research intends to examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and leadership initiations among the marketing executives in Delhi NCR (INDIA), and seeks to uncover the predictors of leadership initiations within personality traits. The data are collected through online survey method using different social media platforms. A sample of 233 (male =136 and female =97) marketing executive’s responses were included. The data collected with the help of self-reported Big Five model inventory and leadership initiation test. The collected data were analyzed statistically by using descriptive statistics, correlation. and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that the age of respondents inversely correlated with leadership initiation. Neuroticism revealed significant inverse correlation with leadership initiation, whereas significant positive correlations were found between extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and leadership initiations, while openness to experience revealed insignificant positive correlation with leadership initiation. Extraversion and conscientiousness appeared as the most dominant personality traits among marketing executives, irrespective of gender, that positively influenced leadership initiation and appeared as the predictor of leadership initiation. In male executives extraversion and age emerged as the predictors of leadership behavior, while in female executives extraversion and openness to experience personality traits appeared as the predictors of leadership initiation.

In this paper we examined a novel extension of the convergence empirics for the maritime business cycle which considers structure breaks and/or changes. To provide theoretical justification, the convergence hypothesis uses the relaxed assumption to technology shocks. Based on the recent empirical results provided by Kim and Chang (2020), we consider nonlinear dynamics that capture the properties on structural changes in the equilibrium adjustment process. This approach bridges the gap between the theoretical framework and empirical specifications. In particular, we applied the convergence hypothesis to the multiple structure change model for the maritime business cycle. Our application to the maritime data showed support of the convergence hypothesis allowing multiple structure changes during the high volatile period and offers additional insight into the forecasting maritime business cycles.