This paper describes a plan of a new IR phace-shfting interferometric system for testing astronomical aspheric mirror which has big departure from the best fit reference sphere during fine grinding. In this experimental system, some new technology will be adopted. The accuracy of system can reach ⋋/40(⋋=10.6 μm)

From the early 1980's, when Chinese government decided to take an Open-Policy. Chinese society faced a new turning point to be changed from traditional-society to modern-society. As a result her outstanding phenomena of civilization is to be seen in many points, like the oid styled traditional street is rapidly replaced by the modernized high-rise buildings. Like the other cities in China, Beijing(北京) also is on the step of modernization, and it's changing speed is faster time by time. In this paper, I'll discuss about Beijing's policy of reservation of Old castles(古城), some problems what they have though the procedure of China's Movement of Old Castle Reservation(古城保護運動). And through this case study, I'd like to focus on the way how we solve some problems what we have now concerning to the reservation and development of traditional cities.

본 연구는 중국이 우리나라 기업들의 최대 투자대상국으로 부상하면서 중국으로의 해외직접투자에 대한 연구가 보다 활성화되어야 한다는 당위성 아래 기존의 투자업체 및 중국 관련조사자들에게 일반적으로 인식되고 있는 `수출위주일수록, 소유권의 지배를 강화할수록 경영성과가 양호하다`는 주장의 논리적 근거를 제시하고, 이를 실증적으로 분석해 보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 대중국 직접투자 성과 결정요인으로서 시장전략(수출위주 혹은 내수위주)과 소유권전략이 제시되는 이유를 중국이라는 지역이 가지는 환경불확실성 때문으로 인식하고, 이러한 불확실한 외부환경을 관리할 수 있는 효과적인 수단으로 수출위주의 시장전략과 지배적인 소유권을 선택함으로써 경영성과를 제고시킬수 있는 것으로 파악하였다. 연구결과 우리나라 기업들의 대중국 직접투자에서 환경불확실성은 수출위주의 시장전략에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 환경불확실성이 지분비율에 미치는 효과는 미미한 것으로 드러났다. 또한 환경불확실성-경영성과의 관계에서 수출비율은 환경불확실 성에 영향을 받으면서 경영성과에도 독자적으로 영향을 미치는 중개변수(intervening variable)의 효과를, 그리고 지분비율은 경영성과와는 직접적인 관계없이 환경불확실성이 경영성과에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 완화시켜 주는 중재변수(moderated variable)의 역할을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Soybean has been cultivated in China for 5,000 years. The soybean cyst neamtode (SCN), Heterodra glycines, was recongnized in Northeastern China in 1899. Currently, it is known to occur in 12 provinces. The biology of SCN was investigated in several provinces. Six races of SCN were identified (race 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7). About f10,000 soybean germplasm lines were evaluated for their resistance to race 1, 3, 4 and 5 of SCN. At least two black-seeded cultivars are resistant to all four races. Several tolerant soybean cultivars with yellow seed coat were released and are in production. Additional resistant cultivars are being developed. Nematicides were not applied in production Potential biocontrol agents and related aspects are being investigated.

The speed of vertical migration and the volume backscattering strength of the scattering layers during the evening and morning transitions between day and night were measured in November 1990-1992 in thermally stratified waters of the East China Sea. Acoustical measurements were carried out using a scientific echo-sounder operating at t재 frequencies of 25 and 100kHz, and using an echo-integration system connected with a micro-computer. Biological sampling was accomplished by bottom trawling to identify fish species recorded on the echo sounder, and the species and length compositions were determined. The values of scattering strength were allocated to group of fishes according to the fish traces on the echo recording paper and the species composition of trawl catches. The vertical velocities of migration derived from the changes in the depths and the values of peak scattering strength of the dense layer vertically migrating toward the bottom or toward the surface. The trawl data suggest that snailfish and fishing frog were the most abundant fishes in all research stations. As sunrise approached, the fish formed a strong concentration just above the thermocline. The the highest values of scattering strength in the entire water column appeared in the depth strata above the thermocline just before the begining of downward migration. As soon as the fish began to migrate downwards across the thermocline, the values of the scattering strength in the depth strata above the thermocline rapidly decreased, while the values for the scattering layer moving slowly toward the bottom gradually increased. During the 1992 surveys, the speed of the vertical migration was estimated to be 0.38m/min in the upward migration and 0.32m/min in the downward migration, respectively. That is the rate of vertical migration was slightly higher at dusk than at dawn. Similar migration patterns were observed on different stations and under different weather conditions during the surveys in 1990.

The vertical distribution and activity patterns of fishes during the evening and morning transitions between day and night were studied acoustically and by bottom trawling in November 1990-1992 in thermally stratified waters of the East China Sea. The acoustic data were collected from six stations with a scientific echo-sounder operating at two frequencies of 25 and 100kHz, and the echograms were used to determine the vertical distributions of fish. Biological sampling was accomplished by bottom trawling to identify fish species recorded on the echograms, and the species and length compositions were determined. At each station, vertical profiles of water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were taken with a CTD system and were related to the diel movements and the depth distributions of fish. During the day most fish were within several meters above bottom, but began to migrate upwards just before sunset, and during the night they were dispersed in midwater. Prior to sunrise with a thermocline present, one group of the fish aggregation occurred in dense schools slightly above the thermocline, while the other group occurred with the numerous single fish-traces bellow it. These groups of aggregations rapidly began to migrate toward the bottom across the thermocline from about 40 min before sunrise. Trawl hauls in the bottom strata below the thermocline with the characteristic single fish traces yieled invariably catches dominated by snailfish and fishing frog with minor quantities of other species in all stations. Hence, the results indicate that snailfish and fishing frog were the dominated scatterers in the depth strata below the thermocline, and the single-fish recordings were mainly snailfish. The fish species such as anchovy and juvenile mackerel in bottom trawl catches is poorly represented in relation to the mesh selectivity of the trawl net, but their occurrence suggest that the fish-school recording above the thermocline were due to these species which migrated vertically across the thermocline, with a temperature gradient of about 8℃, from the water layers near the bottom at night. Accordingly, we conclude that the vertical distribution and activity patterns of snailfish were strongly temperature dependent and in the termally stratified waters, the upper limit to diel activity was closely linked to the position of the thermocline.

A cooperative Korea-Japan investigation for the demersal fisheries resources of the East China Sea carried out by using the training ship Oshoro Maru belong to Hok-kaido University, Japan, during 1-8 November, 1991. The research vessel sampled 15 stations with demersal trawls on the East China Sea, and 1,364 nautical miles of track line were surveyed hydroacoustically. The hydroacoustic observations were taken with a scientific echo sounder operating at two frequencies of 25 kHz and 100 kHz, and a microcomputer-based echo integrator. Fish samples were collected by demersal trawling, and temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were measured with a CTD system. The target strength of fish school was estimated from the relationship between mean scattering strength and catches caught by demersal trawling. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The mean backscattering strength for 15 layers occupied by demersal trawls at 25 kHz ranged from -70.4 dB to -59.1 dB. Then the catch per one hour ranged from 8.2 to 587.5 kg/hour. 2. The mean backscattering strength for the entire layer between transducer and seabed in the survey area of the East China Sea at 25 kHz and 100 kHz were -68.0 dB and -73.1 dB, respectively. 3. The mean fish-school target strength per one kilogram at 25 kHz and 100 kHz were -28.3 dB/kg, and -30.4 dB/kg, respectively.

In order to estimate the mesh selectivity master curves and the optimum mesh size, experiments were made by the cover net method with the cod-ends of the five different the opening mesh sizes(51.2mm, 70.2mm, 77.6mm, 88.0mm and 111.3mm). After that 163 hauling were performed and there by investigated, on the training vessel Saebada in the Southern Korean Sea and East China Sea from June 1991 to August 1992. In this report, the mesh selectivity master curves were fitted by using logistic function(S=1/(1+exp super(-(aR+b))), R=(L-L sub(0))/(M-M sub(0)) and the optimum mesh sizes were estimated from each master curve. In this case, a and b are the selection parameters, M is the mesh size of each experimental cod-end. L is body length, L sub(0) and M sub(0) is the distance from the coordinate origine to intersection of linear regression between 25% and 50% selection length. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Trachurus japonicus: Mesh selectivity master curve parameters: a and b were 2. 25, -4.73 respectively and optimum mesh size was estimated to be 79.3mm. 2. Trichiurus lepturus: Mesh selectivity master curve parameters: a and b were 0.81, -3.17 respectively and optimum mesh size was estimated to be 64.5mm. 3. Photololigo edulis: Mesh selectivity master curve parameters: a and b were 1.30m, -4.10 respectively and optimum mesh size was estimated to be 89.9mm. 4. Todarodes pacificus: Mesh selectivity master curve parameters: a and b were 1. 35, -3.45 respectively and optimum mesh size was estimated to be 89.4mm.

In order to analyse the mesh selectivity for the trawl net, the fishing experiment was carried out by the training ship Saebada in the southern Korea Sea and the East China Sea from June 1991 to August 1992. The trawl net used in experiment has the trouser type of cod-end with cover net, and the mesh selectivity was examined for the five kinds of the opening mesh size in its cod-end part. The selection curves and the selection parameters were calculated by using a logistic function, S=1/(1+exp super(-(aL+b))), and in this case, a and b are the selection parameters and L is the body length of the target species of fishes. In this report, the four species of aquatic animals were analysed because the catch data were enough to calculate normally the selection curves and the selection parameters, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Trachurus japonicus; Selection parameters a and b in each cases of the opening mesh size of 51.2mm, 70.2mm, 77.6mm, 88.0mm and 111.3mm were respectively 0.5050 and -5.4283, 0.3018 and -4.9590, 0.3816 and -7.3659, 0.2695 and -5.7958, 0.2170 and -5.1226. 2. Photololigo edulis ; Selection Parameters a and b in each cases of the former mesh sizes were respectively 0.7394 and -6.1433, 0.3389 and -4.2366, 0.3286 and -5.1002, 0.2543 and -5.0049, 0.1795 and -4.8040. 3. Trichirus lepturus; Selection curves in the opening mesh size of 111.3mm was calculated unnormally. The selection parameters in the other opening mesh sizes were respectively 0.3790 and -5.2891, 0.2071 and -4.9164, 0.1292 and -3.1733, 0.1153 and -3.8497 in the order of former mesh sizes except 111.3mm. 4. Todarodes pacificus ; Selection curve in case of the opening mesh sizes, 70.2mm and 111.3mm were calculated unnormally. In the order cases of the opening mesh sizes, the selection parameters were respectively were 0.5766 and -6.0169, 0.3735 and -5.4633, 0.2771 and -5.7718 in the order of former mesh sizes except 70.2mm and 111.3mm.

In order to analyse the mesh selectivity for the trawl net, the fishing experiment was carried out by the training ship Saebada belonging to the National Fisheries University, in the Southern Korea Sea and the East China Sea from June 1991 to August 1992. The trawl net used in the experiment has the trouser type of cod-end with cover net and the mesh selectivity in the cod-end part. In this report, the species of fishes caught and the catch rate for them in accordance with different mesh sizes were analysed, and the result obtained are summarized as follows: 1) 145 species of aquatic animals were caught in totally 138 times of trawl operations. 2) The number of species mostly not to escape are 28, 22, 19, 16 and 11 respectively, in each opening mesh size, 51.2mm, 70.2mm, 77.6mm, 88.0mm and 111.3mm of cod-end. 3) In view that the use of the opening mesh size above 54mm in cod-end of trawl net in Korea, it is necessary to device a counterplan against the overfishing, for the 22 species of aquatic animals mostly not to escape in the cod-end of the large mesh sizes more than 70.2mm.