Platycodon grandiflorum A. is a perennial plant belongs to Campanulaceae family. This plant has been used herbal medicine ingredient in East Asia. Because of the high saponin content, it is an economically important medicinal plant in Korea. It has been reported that saponins of P. grandiflorum were mainly synthesized in root tissues. The studies about root growth of the plant were few. Expansin is an important protein playing a role in root growth of plants, and is known as a nonenzymatic protein. Expansins are novel plant cell wall loosening proteins leading to turgor-driven cell extension. Expansin encoding genes exist in multigene family, and there are more than 30 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. and more than 50 genes in Oryaza sativa. Therefore, identification of the genes was difficult in P. grandiflorum because of the lack of genome sequence. Recently, the development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies make it possible to obtain the target genes sequences rapidly and precisely. In this study, to identify the expansin encoding genes in P. grandiflorum, we used RNA-seq analysis with Illumina HiSeq platform. We analyzed whole transcriptome of P. grandiflorum through the RNA-seq analysis based on next generation seuqencing. CLC Genomics Workbench software (Clc Bio inc.) was used for assembly. We assembled 122,663 contigs and search 123 contigs were identified from the search using 61 expansin gene

The need to have the effects of horticultural therapy as a scientific treatment according to horticultural therapy processes progressed by the therapist's intentions and to have horticultural therapist acknowledged as a special occupation has been recognized. Consequently, this study has been performed in hopes of specialty enhancement, joint responsibility during treatment and an exhaustion solution of therapists for horticultural therapy with the execution of the "supervision" through a phased practical training system as a specialized education method of therapists. The present status of the "horticultural therapy supervision" was researched with horticultural therapists and reserve horticultural therapist as subjects and the present form was illustrated, and the method and contents of how they wanted to receive this supervision was researched through surveying. Also, whether there is a difference in administrative, educational, and supporting horticultural therapy supervision and overall horticultural therapy supervision according to the horticultural therapist and reserve horticultural therapist group, horticultural therapy(main treatment) experience, horticultural therapy performance degree, horticultural therapist foster curriculum type.

Effects of horticultural therapy program for various client groups have been announced, but in order to specialize and include these effects in the health care community, it needed more obvious effects and researches about specific area connected with horticultural therapy among whole medical care such as effects and economic value for practical use. Especially it may be useful that reliable clinical data and cost-effectiveness which is compared it with other treatments are presented. This research accomplished as pilot study which present cost-effectiveness analysis model according to problems and clinical indicator which can act with horticultural therapy for activating public relation and introduction of horticultural therapy of practical use. This study concerned very necessary trial to inform the effect of horticultural therapy program widely to the health care community especially. In the future, continuous studies and efforts for economic value of horticultural therapy should be needed.

Three rice cultivars, Namweonbyeo (early maturing), Hwaseongbyeo (medium maturing) and Dongjinbyeo (medium-late maturing) were trans-planted with 3 different seedling ages to investigate their growth habits and to improve the cultural method in paddy fields in the southern plain area of the Honam region in 1993. The 10-day old seedlings had more vigorous elongation of plant height and higher tillering ability but lower effective tiller rate, when compared with 35-day or 40-day old seedlings. Leaf area index and top dry weight were lower in 10-day old seedlings up to 40 days after transplanting but thereafter, were not different among seedlings ages. CGR was later in 10-day old seedlings, up to 30 days after transplanting, but in 30 to 40 days after transplanting, it was reversed. RGR was the highest in infant seedlings to 40 days after trans-planting, while in 50 days after transplanting, it was reversed. Panicle number and spikelet number per square meter were the highest in 40-day old seedlings, next highest in 35-day old seedlings and the lowest and in adult seedlings up to 40 days after transplanting, while spikelet number per panicle was vice versa. Milled rice yield did not vary significantly by seedling ages, but among the varieties, it was less in Hwaseongbyeo compared with Naweonbyeo and Dongjnbyeo.