May-Thurner syndrome is associated with deep vein thrombosis resulting from chronic compression of the iliac vein against the lumbar vertebrae caused by the overlying common iliac artery. Stent insertion into the compressed lesion is used in treatment of May-Thurner syndrome. Various complications can occur during angioplasty while using a stent. Among these complications, shrinkage of the vein below the stent, a rare complication, was observed in our hospital during treatment of a patient with May-Thurner syndrome. Different complications can occur when venous angioplasty is performed, unlike that when arterial angioplasty is performed.

Recently, cave candidates have been discovered on other planets besides the Earth, such as the Moon and Mars. When we go to other planets, caves could be possible human habitats providing natural protection from cosmic threats. In this study, seven cave candidates have been found on Pavonis Mons and Ascraeus Mons in Tharsis Montes on Mars. The cave candidates were selected using the images of the Context Camera (CTX) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The Context Camera could provide images with the high resolution of 6 meter per pixel. The diameter of the candidates ranges from 50 to 100m. Cushing et al. (2007) have analyzed the temperature change at daytime and nighttime using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the sites of potential cave candidates. Similarly, we have examined the temperature change at daytime and at nighttime for seven cave candidates using the method of Cushing et al. (2007). Among those, only one candidate showed a distinct temperature change. However, we cannot verify a cave based on the temperature change only and further study is required for the improvement of this method to identify caves more clearly.

Purpose – This study aims to find ways to create win-win market strategies for department stores, vendors, and customers by studying the operation of the Teukyakmeip system—the distinctive trade system of Korean department stores—and preceding cases. Research design, data, and methodology – We simultaneously examined various materials, analyzed preceding research,and interviewed department store managers (the parties to the Teukyakmeip transaction). Results – We examined whether the Teukyakmeip transactions are really beneficial to department stores, but unfavorable to vendors. Significant results emerge including figures and tables. Conclusions – Department stores will implement and develop the system to advance the win-win partnership by minimizing errors and drawbacks from the system.

FGF9/16/20 signaling pathway specify the developmental fates of notochord, mesenchyme, and neural cells in ascidian embryos. Although a conserved Ras/MEK/Erk/Ets pathway is known to be involved in this signaling, the detailed mechanisms of regulation of FGF signaling pathway have remained largely elusive. In this study, we have isolated Hr-Erf, an ascidian orthologue of vertebrate Erf, to elucidate interactions of transcription factors involved in FGF signaling of the ascidian embryo. The Hr-Erf cDNA encompassed 3110 nucleotides including sequence encoded a predicted polypeptide of 760 amino acids. The polypeptide had the Ets DNA-binding domain in its N-terminal region. In adult animals, Hr-Erf mRNA was predominantly detected in muscle, and at lower levels in ganglion, gills, gonad, hepatopancreas, and stomach by quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) method. During embryogenesis, Hr-Erf mRNA was detected from eggs to early developmental stage embryos, whereas the transcript levels were decreased after neurula stage. Similar to the QPCR results, maternal transcripts of Hr-Erf was detected in the fertilized eggs by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Maternal mRNA of Hr-Erf was gradually lost from the neurula stage. Zygotic expression of Hr-Erf started in most blastomeres at the 8-cell stage. At gastrula stage, Hr-Erf was specifically expressed in the precursor cells of brain and mesenchyme. When MEK inhibitor was treated, embryos resulted in loss of Hr-Erf expression in mesenchyme cells, and in excess of Hr-Erf in a-line neural cells. These results suggest that zygotic Hr-Erf products are involved in specification of mesenchyme and neural cells.

The mechanisms by which embryo exactly distributes mitochondria into the blastomeres during embryogenesis are one of the important issues in developmental biology. Although the mechanisms has been thought to be important for the proper embryonic development, our understanding has remained limited. In the present study, the distribution of mitochondria was examined in embryos of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, by immunohistochemical staining with three-types of the mitochondria-specific antibodies and vital staining of mitochondria with a fluorescent probe, DiOC2(3). Results of the immunohistochemical staining coincided with that of vital staining, which is able to detect the distribution of mitochondria in cytoplasm of the embryo. Mitochondria was mainly segregated into the B4.1 posterior-vegetal blastomeres at the 8-cell stage. During the next stages, mitochondria was preferentially partitioned into cells of the B-line muscle and the A-line nerve cord precursor compared with each sister cell, endoderm in the 5th cleavage stage, and mesenchyme and notochord in the 6th cleavage stage. However, the mitochondria-rich cytoplasm is divided equally among the blastomeres of the animal hemisphere between the 8-cell and the 64-cell stages. When B6.2 blastomeres were isolated at the early 32-cell stage embryo and cultured in seawater, until control embryos reached the 64-cell stage, pattern of mitochondria distribution was similar to results of the coisolated B7.3 and B7.4 blastomeres from the 64-cell stage embryos. Therefore, it is likely that mitochondria are asymmetrically segregated into the marginal cells in the vegetal hemisphere of the ascidian embryo without cell-cell interaction.

This study investigated the nutrients and anti-nutrients of produced resveratrol GM rice (Iksan-515, Iksan-526, Dongjin) that were cultivated Iksan and Suwon regions. Among the rice samples, Iksan-515 and Iksan-526 are produced resveratrol GM rice. Reveratrol is health-beneficial compound with strong antioxidant and antitumor activities. Red wine is believed to the main source of resveratrol in the human diet. Recent studies have associated resveratrol with the cardio-protective effect observed among people with moderate resveratrol consumption. Moreover, resveratrol has been possess chemoprotective activity. In present study, we determined the substantial equivalence between GM rice and seedling sort. We investigated the nutrients and anti-nutrients of produced resveratrol GM rice and analyzed nutrients including moisture, crude fat, ash, crude protein, fatty acids, amino acids and minerals. The results of this analysis showed equivalence between GM rice and non-GM rice. We determined phenolic compounds including naringenin, vallin and investigated 4 tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol) and 4 tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocotrienol). Among the all rice cultivars, they showed substancial equivalence between resveratrol GM rices and non-GM rice.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is one of the world’s most major crops as not only an important source of oil and protein, but also secondary metabolites. Intake of soybean is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, as well as cancer, including breast and colon cancers. Seventy soybeans germplasms collected from 4 different countries, America (6 varieties), China (15 varieties), Japan (16 varieties), and Korea (33 varieties), were distributed by Chungbuk National University (Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea) and cultivated in Konkuk University farm. This study investigated the isoflavones in seventy soybeans according to 4 different origins (America, China, Japan and Korea). Between 4 different origins, Korea showed highest concentrations of total isoflavones (1292.6 ± 438.6 ㎍ g-1) and China showed the lowest concentrations of total isoflavones (843.8 ± 365.7 ㎍ g-1). The total isoflavone contents in soybean of America and China ranged from 572.3 ㎍ g-1 to 2001.9 ㎍ g-1 and from 275.8 ㎍ g-1 to 1521.8 ㎍ g-1, respectively. And the isoflavone contents of Japan and Korea ranged from 473.3 ㎍ g-1 to 2314.6 ㎍ g-1 and from 419.0 ㎍ g-1 to 3010.7 ㎍ g-1, respectively. Malonylgenistin (356.9 ± 158.8 ㎍ g-1) was the major isoflavones among 12 isoflavones. Specially, glycoside and malonylglycosides constituted 49.2 % and 45.3 % of total isoflavones in soybeans, respectively.

In this study, we examined the palatability and physicochemical properties of rice varieties in the year when there was 10% increase in yield compared to normal year due to daily temperature range and sunshine hours. The results of the analysis of rice yield over the last 20 years (1993-2012) showed 10% difference between the yield in 2000, which was normal, and that in 2001. With regard to the crop weather condition during the ripening period in 2001 compared to 2000, the daily range and sunshine hours were higher, but the mean temperature was similar. The rice yield in 2001 was 9.8% higher than that in 2000 due to the increased number of spikelets per panicles and ratio of ripened grain. In terms of chemical traits, protein, Mg, and K contents decreased in 2001 compared to 2000, but amylose content increased. Trough and final viscosity assessed with a Rapid Visco Analyser were significantly higher in 2001 than 2000. The results suggested that the palatability of cooked rice was good in that year with about 10% increase in rice yield compared to normal year due to daily temperature range and sunshine hours.

‘Jungmo2503’ (Hordeum vulgare L.), a new ruminant-palatability forage barley cultivar, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2011. It was derived from the cross between ‘Dongsanpi81’ and ‘Kangbori’. Among the cross made in 1999, a promising line, SB992028-B-B-B-B-B-2, showed good characteristics in potential forage yield in the yield Trial tested at Iksan in 2007 to 2008 designated as Iksan 449. The line in the Regional Yield Trials (RYT) tested in eight locations around Korea for three years from 2009 to 2011, and was released as the name of ‘Jungmo2503’. It has the growth habit of group Ⅰ, erect plant type, green leaf and hood spike. Its average heading and maturing dates were on May 2, and May 29, respectively, with are similar to check cultivar ‘Yuyeon’. The cultivar had 102cm of culm length, 691 spikes per m2 and it showed better rate of leaf, winter hardiness, and resistance to BaYMV than those of the check cultivar. The average forage yield of ‘Jungmo2503’ was about 10.9 ton ha-1 in dry matter in paddy field. ‘Jungmo2503’ also showed 9.4% of crude protein content, 27.3% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 49.0% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 67.3% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley.

‘Jungmo2502’ (Hordeum vulgare L.), a new ruminant-palatability forage barley cultivar, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2011. It was derived from the cross between ‘Samheung/Suwon 300’ and ‘Milyang 100’. Among the cross made in 2000, a promising line, SB00T2018-B-B-B-B-3, showed good characteristics in potential forage yield in the yield Trial tested at Iksan in 2007 to 2008 designated as Iksan 448. The line in the Regional Yield Trials(RYT) tested in eight locations around Korea for three years from 2009 to 2011, and was released as the name of ‘Jungmo2502’. It has the growth habit of group Ⅵ, erect plant type, green leaf and awnless spike. Its average heading and maturing dates were on May 4, and May 30, respectively, with are similar to check cultivar ‘Youngyang’. The cultivar had 98cm of culm length, 607 spikes per m2 and it showed better rate of leaf, winter hardiness, and resistance to BaYMV than those of the check cultivar. The average forage yield of ‘Jungmo2502’ was about 11.0 ton ha-1 in dry matter in paddy field. ‘Jungmo2502’ also showed 8.7% of crude protein content, 21.9% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 40.7% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 71.6% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley.

The transfer of a biotic resistance gene from indica rice cultivars into japonica cultivars by conventional breeding methods often difficult due to high sterility of the progenies, poor plant type, and linkage drag. Molecular markers provide opportunities to map resistance genes and accelerate the application of marker-assisted backcross(MAB) breeding through the precise transfer of target genomic regions into the recurrent parent. The basis of MAB breeding is to transfer a specific gene/allele of the donor parent into the recurrent parent genome while selecting against donor introgressions across the rest of the genome. The effectiveness of MAB breeding depends on the availability of closely linked DNA markers for the target locus, the size of the population, the number of backcrosses and the position and number of markers for background selection. We have successfully developed Bph18 version of the commercially cultivated japonica elite cultivar by using MAB and incorporating the resistance gene Bph18 that conferred enhanced resistance to BPH. MAB breeding provides a new opportunity for the selective transfer of biotic resistance genes into elite indica rice cultivars devoid of linkage drag. In additon, molecular markers precisely estimate the introgression of chromosome segments from donor parents and can speed up the recipient genome recovery via background selection.

Manganese () is a trace element that is essential for normal physiology, and is predominantly obtained from food. Several lines of evidence, however, demonstrated that overexposure to exerts serious neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity and developmental toxicity, particularly in male. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of 0, 1.0, 3.3, and 10 mg/kg/day doses of on the reproductive organs in the immature female rats. Rats (PND 22; S.D. strain) were exposed to () dissolved in drinking water for 2 weeks. The animals were sacrificed on PND 35, then the tissues were immediately removed and weighed. Histological studies were performed using the uteri tissue samples. Serum LH and FSH levels were measured with the specific ELISA kits. Body weights of the experimental group animals were not significantly different from those of control group animals. However, ovarian tissue weights in 1 mg and 3.3 mg dose groups were significantly lower than those of control animals (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Uterine tissue weights of 3.3 mg dose groups were significantly lower than those of control animals (p<0.01), while the 1 mg dose and 10 mg dose failed to induce any change in uterine weight. Similarly, only 3.3 mg dose could induce the significant decrease in the oviduct weight compared to the control group (p<0.05). Non-reproductive tissues such as adrenal and kidney failed to respond to all doses of exposure. The uterine histology revealed that the exposure could affect the myometrial cell proliferation particularly in 3.3 mg dose and 10mg dose group. Serum FSH levels were significantly decreased in 1mg dose and 10 mg groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). In contrast, treatment with 1 mg dose induced a significant increment of serum LH level (p<0.05). The present study demonstrated that exposure is capable of inducing abnormal development of reproductive tissues, at least to some extent, and altered gonadotropin secretions in immature female rats. Combined with the well-defined actions of this metal on GnRH and prolactin secretion, one can suggest the might be a potential environmental mediator which is involved in the female pubertal process.

We examined the morphometric characteristics and fluctuating asymmetry of diploid and triploid marine medaka, Oryzias dancena. We used morphometric parameters the truss and classical dimensions. Significant differences in all the classical and truss dimensions of the diploid and triploid fish. All the dimensions of the triploid fish were greater than those of the diploid fish. The triploid marine medaka shows sexual dimorphism in these characters, and the sexual dimorphism of the triploid marine medaka is similar to that of the diploid marine medaka. Thus, the growth of triploid marine medaka is faster than that of the diploid fish, and it displays clear sexual dimorphism, with male fish having longer dorsal and anal fins than female fish. we examined fluctuating asymmetry of eye diameter, maxilla length, operculum length, number of pectoral fin ray and number of pelvic fin ray. In all experimental groups, Eye diameter and maxilla length showed no significant difference between left side and right side (P>0.05). Trends of operculum length in triploid male group and pectoral fin ray's number in diploid male group showed similar trend with trends of operculum length in triploid female group and pectoral fin ray’s number in diploid female group. However, trends of operculum length in diploid male group and pectoral fin ray's number in triploid male group showed opposite trend with trends of operculum length in diploid female group and pectoral fin ray’s number in triploid female group. Trend of pelvic fin ray's number in all groups showed similar trend with trend of pectoral fin ray’s number in all groups.

Environmentally inflicted stress (abiotic stress) such as high drought stress could be limiting the plant productivity. The mechanism of drought stress signaling in plant related with anti-apoptosis has not yet been full described. Understanding drought stress signaling is key to producing drought-tolerant plant. In this study we recently have identified Oryza sativa genes related abiotic stress water deficit. Abiotic stress related genes were screened from Oryza sativa cDNA library and identified gene by yeast functional screening. The yeast expression showed that they east cell grow well on SD-galactose-Leu-Ura-. The screening of over than 7000 clones from Oryza sativa cDNA libraries has been identified. 28 clones that survived following BAX-expression on inducible galactose medium. R12H780 clones confirmed protein prediction like putative senescence-associated-protein. This gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 108 amino acids. Transcription of R12H780 was induced in response to drought stresses, RT-PCR analysis showed transcript level in plant strongly detected in earliest time of drought stress treatment. Yeast transformed with R12H780 gene displayed markedly improved tolerance to PEG treatment, and high salinity in comparison to the control yeast (vector only). The results indicate R12H780 expression represents a new type of drought stress related gene with anti-apoptotic in Oryza sativa and endows tolerance to several types abiotic stress.

This study investigated the functional substances, including phenolics, tocopherol compounds in rice (Onnuri, Nampyeong, Dongjin, Deuraechan, Hopum, Iksan-515, Iksan-526) that were cultivated in Iksan region. Specially, Iksan-515 and Iksan-526 were produced resveratrol rice. Resveratrol is health-beneficial compound with strong antioxidant activity. Iksan-515 and Iksan-526 were contained resveratrol compound while, other rice varieties did not showed resveratrol. The total phenolic compounds showed similar concentrations in 7 rice varieties. Especially, Iksan-526 revealed 273.3 ㎍ g-1 and Iksan-515 was 264.8 ㎍ g-1. In this study, we analyzed vitamin E contents of 7 varieties of rice. The total tocopherols revealed 418.3 ㎍ g-1 in Iksan-526, 401.2 ㎍ g-1 in Iksan-515 and 413.3 ㎍ g-1 in Hopum. We determined 4 tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) and 4 tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-). Among the all samples, β-tocotrienol showed higher average concentrations (101.3 ㎍ g-1) than other compounds and, γ-tocotrienol revealed second higher concentration (94.5 ㎍ g-1). On the other hand, δ-tocopherol was not detected in all rice samples.

The world-wide capacity of genebanks for ex-situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly since the 1970s, improving the access of crop breeders to landraces, and wild relatives (Wright, 1997). In south Korea, systematic seed germplasm management was begun at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 1985 and consequently genebank system was established in 1988. The RDA genebank, National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) of south Korea, preserve 173,217 accessions of plant seed germplasm and 10.7% (18,509 accessions) of whole preserved germplasm is occupied by horticultral PGR by 2011. Horticultural PGR preserved in NAC is composed with 67 genera of crops including pepper (3,817 accessions), tomato (2,040 accessions), cabbages (1,690 accessions) and etc. According to horticultural plant sub-group, fruit-vegetable is the biggest group with 60% of accession share and leafy vegetable (19%), root vegetable (10%), bulb vegetable (8%), and ornamental (3%) follow subsequently. In aspect of PGR status, landrace is dominant part of conserved accession and then developed cultivar, wild relatives, cultivated material, wild, and weedy type follow subsequently. Recently characterization and evaluation of horticultural PGR have been activated for 3 years in NAC, which are useful for breeders and users focused on disease-resistance or active ingredient. It will promote utilization of horticultural PGR and development of horticultural crop breeding program for both human being and sustainable agriculture in near future.

A set of nine Korean rice germplasm (KRG) along with the six indica lines were screened under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situations at IRRI in dry season (DS) 2011. The experiment received mild to moderate drought stress. Under irrigated situation, among all lines, IRRI119 yielded highest followed by PSBRc80 and PSBRc14. Among nine KRG, Hanareumbyeo yielded highest followed by Gayabyeo. Yield of Hanareumbyeo was similar to high yielding indica lines. Under drought, PSBRc14 provided the highest yield among indica lines and Hanarembyeo provided highest yield among nine KRG. Among nine KRG, Hanarembyeo provided the highest yield both under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situation. Parental polymorphism was performed with 125 SSR markers taking six KRG and three drought tolerant donors and polymorphic markers and japonica lines background specific markers were identified. The polymorphic markers in the region of three QTLs (DTY1.1, DTY2.2, DTY3.1) will be used for foreground genotyping for QTL introgression and background specific markers will be used for background genotyping. Sixteen rice germplasm could be separated into two main groups, japonica and indica groups by cluster analysis. The japonica and indica groups also classified as two subgroups, respectively. Based on results of screening of japonica lines under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situations, two KRG- Hanarembyeo and Jinmibyeo were selected for introgression of three QTLs (DTY1.1, DTY2.2 and DTY3.1) associated with grain yield under drought stress.