In this paper, the Beijing courtyard and Fujian Earth Building--model for two typical entry points, through both a comparative analysis of the typical form and from the perspective of traditional Chinese culture to explain the differences between the two shapes in order to explore the south and the north of China's residential cultural similarities and differences .

This paper analyzes legal remedies for marine ecological damage as provided in Article 90, Section 2 of the Marine Environment Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. In doing so, the paper examines the Tasman Sea Oil Spills Case, the first civil case in China to claim marine ecological damage involving foreign interests. The paper finds that many issues arise in practice due to the simplicity of the relevant legal provisions. The existing international treaties on marine oil pollution damage caused by ships do not cover marine ecological damage. However, domestic courts of some countries have relevant judicial practice on the matter. Hence, it is urgent to establish a set of new rules on marine ecological damage compensation in China and to specify the claimants, the scope for compensation and the measure of indemnity with the aim of providing an effective legal remedy for marine ecological damage.

Bacillus thuringiensis 1-3 (Bt 1-3), belonging to subsp. aizawai (H7), showed different characteristics in plasmid profiles from type strain and had cry2A gene in addition to cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1C and cry1D. To clone its plasmids and construct E.coli-Bt shuttle vector, we constructed the plasmid capture system (PCS) by inserting attB sites including lacZ between transposable elements (designated as pPCS-Troy). Through in vitro transposition with total plasmids DNA of Bt 1-3, 53 clones were acquired and their sizes were approximately 10 kb. Based on the sequence analysis, they were classified in four groups showing similarities with four known Bt plasmids, pGI3, pBMB175, pGI1 and pGI2, respectively. One of pGI3-like clones, named as pBt1-3, was fully sequenced and its putative open reading frames (ORFs), Rep-protein, double-strand origin of replication (dso), single-strand origin of replication (sso), have been identified. The structure of pBt1-3 showed high similarity with pGI3 which is one of rolling-circle replication (RCR) group VI family. As a donor for construction of shuttle vector, pDonr-attPEm vector harboring erythromycin resistant gene between attP sites was constructed. Through BP recombination with pPCS-Troy-cloned Bt plasmids and pDonr-attPEm, erythromycin resistant gene was transposed to Bt plasmids. This scheme proposes that in vitro transposition using pPCS-Troy and BP recombination using pDonr-attPEm can easily clone Bt plasmids and construct novel shuttle vectors.

Recently, the genome of Spodoptera litura granulovirus (SlGV) which encodes 133 putative open reading frames (ORFs) was completely sequenced. In this study, to screen novel insecticidal genes of SlGV, we first constructed an advanced plasmid capture system, pPCS-TPI, which contains not only pUC19 ori and ampicillin resistance gene but also Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ORF603 and ORF1629 homologous region between Tn7L and Tn7R. In order to introduce genomic segments of SlGV into the genome of AcMNPV, genomic DNA of SlGV was digested with EcoRI and self-ligated. These self-ligated segments were in vitro transposed with the pPCS-TPI donor by the help of TnsABC* transposase. By this, 10 EcoRI-digested genomic segments of the SlGV were cloned, and these clones were co-transfected with the bApGOZA DNA into sf9 cells to generate corresponding recombinant virus, respectively. The resulting recombinant viruses harboring genomic segments of the SlGV could be used to investigate the insecticidal activity and/or other functions originated from the introduced genomic segments of the SlGV.

The baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a large circular double-stranded DNA virus whose genome encodes at least 155 open reading frames (ORFs), is highly pathogenic to a number of lepidopteran insects and widely used to transduce various cells for exogenous gene expression. Although many genes of AcMNPV have been identified, the genome-wide study related to viral replication has not been well announced. In this study, to elucidate DNA replication cascade of AcMNPV, we firstly developed a novel baculovirus genome that can be maintained in Escherichia coli as a plasmid and can infect susceptible lepidopteran insect cells. This genome, named bAc-MK, contains a mini-F replicon and a kanamycin resistance marker. Using a convenient Tn7 transposon-based system, pPCS-S, which contains an ampicillin resistance gene, ORF knock-out mutants were generated by random insertion into bAc-MK genome. These mutants will be suffered DNA microarray to elucidate AcMNPV replication cascade.

Plasmid capture systems (PCS) facilitate cloning and manipulation of circular double-stranded DNA. We recently developed an improved PCS (PCS-LZ) to clone relatively large DNA molecules of 30-150 kb. The PCS-LZ donor consists of a mini-F replicon and a kanamycin resistance marker between Tn7 left and Tn7 right ends. Both the replicon and marker gene of the PCS-LZ donor are transferred into target plasmid DNAs by in vitro transposition, followed by replication in E. coli. Colonies are tested for lacZ expression by blue/white screening. Circular DNAs were obtained from plasmids of Bacillus thuringiensis, genome segments of Cotesia glomerata bracovirus and polymorphic genomes of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. PCS-LZ is a powerful tool for use in genomic analysis and mutagenesis in invertebrate pathology, and we are extending its application to include vertebrate research.

Previously, we found that expression by translational fusion of the polyhedrin (Polh)-green fluorescence protein (GFP) led to the formation of granular structures and these fluorescent granules were easily precipitated by high-speed centrifugation. Here, we developed an easy, fast, and mass purification system using this baculovirus expression system (BES). An enhanced GFP (EGFP) fused with Polh gene at the N-terminus including an adaptor and enterokinase (EK) site between Polh and EGFP was expressed in Sf9 cells. The cells infected by AcPolhEKA-EGFP produced fluorescent granules. The EGFP fusion protein was purified from granule-containing cells according to three steps; cell harvest, sonication and EK digestion. Through the final enterokinase digestion, EGFP was presented mainly in the supernatant (93.3%) and the supernatant also showed a pure EGFP band. These results suggest that the combined procedure of Polh fusion expression and enterokinase digestion can used for the rapid and easy purification of other proteins.

The toxicity of materials derived from dried fruit of Cnidium monnieri against early third instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens was examined using direct contact mortality bioassay. Results were compared with those of currently used mosquito larvicide, temephos. The bioactive principle was identified as xanthotoxol by spectroscopic analysis. As judged by 24 h LD50 value, xanthotoxol was highly effective (4.40 ppm), although this compound was less toxic than temephos (0.16 ppm). C. monnieri fruit-derived materials, particularly xanthotoxol, merit further study as potential mosquito larvicides for protection from humans and domestic animals from vector-borne diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.

Ten cpSSR markers were used to detected genetic diversity and relationship among fourteen species of Caragana. The genetic diversity was 0.860 to 2.138, with an average of 1.258. The effective number of alleles for each cpSSR locus ranged from 2.051to 7.407, with an average of 3.530.Ten cpSSR primers detected totally 92 polymorphic loci, the value of allelic polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.512 to 0.865, on an average, 0.671 per primer. The value of genetic similarity (GS) indexes among fourteen species of Caragana varied from 0.51 to 0.93, on an average of 0.77. These indicated that the genetic diversity at the genomic level of the selected source germplasm was rich, and was representative of the diversity of the germplasms, in general. Cluster analysis showed that fourteen Species of Caragana tested in this study could be clustered into four groups, cpSSR analyzed inter-genetic relationship was almost consistent with traditional morphologic result.

As a solution for the utilization of abandoned arable land, Japanese lawngrass (JL) can be used for grazing. To utilize JL for "integrated grazing system for scattered small pasture", the management practices for rotational grazing on JL pasture have to be investigated in detail. We investigated the number of ears in the two pastures with sward height of 5 ㎝ (LS pasture) and 10 ㎝ (HS pasture) at the end of each rotational grazing period. The number of ears at the start of the first grazing of the year at May in LS pasture was more than that in HS pasture. It was suggested that low sward height relate to the decrease in the reserved nutrients for floral differentiation and ear emergence, because the number of ears at the start of the first grazing of the year was affected by the reserved nutrients in the previous year. The number of ears at the start of the second grazing at July in HS pasture was more than that in LS pasture significantly and the ears observed at the start of the second grazing might have emerged after the first grazing. These suggest that the number of young panicles which was not eaten by cattle was more in HS pasture than LS pasture. For the establishment of JL pasture, high sward height in spring might enable us to enlarge JL coverage. In the established pasture, low sward height might enable us to suppress the nutrients and energy consumption by earing.

From 2002 to 2007, two different systems (shrubs and grasses) were established to raise appropriate ruminants for the purpose of improving biological diversity and fragile ecological environment in the karst-areas through grazing. The objective was to find out a novel way to promote the application of ecological restoration and reconstruction, and the agricultural economy could develop in sustainable way in the karst areas in Guangxi and similar areas in Southwest China.

In a Stipa breviflora desert steppe of Inner Mongolia a long-term positional grazing test with different stocking rates was carried out. Sheep grazing started from year 2002 till to 2008 and grazed from June on to October in each growing season. The grazing test was randomly designed with three blocks and soil samples were collected for seed check. The results illustrated that soil seed bank density was significantly affected by different stocking rates, showed a decreasing trend with increasing stocking rate. In all grazing plots the seeds mainly concentrated in the 0~10㎝ soil layer.

Two-year-old, full flower aohan alfalfa (Medicaga sativa cv. aohan) was chosen to evaluate the silage effect by using different additives of Qingbao Ⅱ , Caihe and Yishengkang. Result indicated that additives increased CP content (P＜0.05) and decreased CF, ADF and NDF content significantly (P＜0.05). Lactic acid content in additives treatments were significantly higher (P＜0.01) than control. These result showed that additives improved silage fermentation quality, reduced cellulose contents and improved silage nutritive value. Among three treatments, Caihe and Yishengkang were priority to Qingbao Ⅱ on the effect of promoting the desired lactic acid fermentation.

Fifty-four biological characters were used for quantitative classification of sorghum and sudangrass and their relationship. Discriminant analysis of all 240 individuals of 48 accessions suggested that 100% of originally grouped cases were correctly classified. Analysis of variance results showed that the differences among 48 accessions in characters were significant at the 0.01 level. Cluster analysis showed that the 48 accessions were obviously divided into two clusters by a Euclidean distance of 17.46 as the classification standards, i.e. the genus maize and genus sorghum. The 48 accessions were divided into four clusters by a Euclidean distance of 9.86, i.e. Sorghum-Sudangrass, Sorghum related species (S. propinquum and S. halepense), Zea mexicana and Z. mays. All accessions were divided into five clusters by a Euclidean distance of 8.91, namely group Ⅰ (Sudangrass-Chinese sorghum), group Ⅱ (Non-Chinese sorghum), group Ⅲ (Sorghum related species), group Ⅳ (Zea mexicana), and group Ⅴ (Z mays).

The cultivation of oat in China could be traced back to 2500 B.C. while the Qinghai province, which located in the North-East of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, has been the major region for oat production due to its high quality caused by the unique climate say long sun-shine hours and large temperature discrepancy between days and nights that is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in oat plant. Oat has been grown in the Qinghai alpine region on the altitude ranging from 1600m to 3600m and regarded as an ideal forage plant due to its resistance to environment. The role of oat drew more attention in 1980s along with the implementing of so called four-matched policy, which compounds establishment of fenced rangeland, animal bars, fodder production base and settled living place for local herdsmen who used to be nomadic around the region. To make a full use of the oat resource in Qinghai province, a great deal research and extension with respect of oat had been engaged in the region. The author overviewed researches accomplished in Qinghai province on oat germplasm collection, breeding of fine oat variety, cultivate techniques, oat base establishment and production and marketing system establishment as well in terms of projects completed.

Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Lespedaza hedysaroides resulted in the isolation of 8 flavonoids:orientin (1), isoorientin (2), vitexin (3), isovitexin (4), Isomyricitrin (5), meletin-3-O-β-d-glucoside (6), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (7), 6-Xylopyranosylluteolin (8), The result showed t㏊t Lespedeza hedysaroides was rich in flavonoid glycosides, espically of C-glycosylflavones which have good Pharmacia and bioactive. So Lespedeza hedysaroides was concluded that it has vast prospect for exploitation and utilization.

Research on alfalfa root morphology and health is very important in development of technology for efficient improvement and production of alfalfa. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root morphology and health of two alfalfa varieties, Algonquin and Golden Queen, to determine relationships among root morphology traits and root health. Results from these analyses indicated t㏊t yield was 6.77-43.93 t/h㎡, total root length ranged from 215.17-708.89 ㎜, root surface area ranged from 93.61-717.06 ㎠, volume ranged from 3.24-57.72㎤. Results from these analyses indicated t㏊t root infestation score was the lowest averaged over age of alfalfa stand in Algonquin. Yield in 2-yr old stands was greater in Golden Queen compared to Algonquin.

The effects of seeding rate and N fertilizer on leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and yield components in oats were studied using split experimental design. The results indicated t㏊t seeding rate and N fertilizer ㏊d significant influence on leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and grain yield. With the increasing seeding and fertilizer rates, leaf area index, aboveground dry matter increased significantly. Oat reached the highest grain yield under 112.5㎏/h㎡ seeding rate, N2 was the best N fertilizer treatment for oat.

In this study, we determinated the dynamic changing of soluble sugar, total nitrogen and malondialdehyde, so t㏊t found out their relationships with cold resistance. The result indicates: the content of soluble sugar and total nitrogen increased from late autumn and early winter, and kept higher level during the entire winter, then decreased in regreen time in the next spring. The content of malondialdehyde was high in Sep., then decreased gradually and reached the minimum in Jan., thereafter the content of malondialdehyde represented increasing trend.

Dynamics of aboveground and underground biomass of Qinghai flat-stem bluegrass (Poa pratensis vayr. anceps Gaud. Cv in "＞" shape, and vertical distributions of biomass of roots, rhizomes and underground were all in "T" shape and fit equation of Y= l-βD. There was direct correlation between biomass of above ground and biomass of underground. Ration of underground to aboveground was 0.4l.