Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t.) strains are important microorganism because they produced a large amount of δ-endotoxin protein per bacterial cell and their toxins are highly toxic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera depending on B. t. To date, more than a hundred Cry proteins have been identified and classified into 195 holotypes, based on the amino acid sequence identity. The Cry proteins or cry genes from the Korean native B. t. isolates in this study were not identified yet. The electrospray ionization of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI Q-TOF MS) was used to get the internal amino acid sequences of the endotoxin-spore culture mixtures of B. t. isolates, for which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were unable to detect the cognate genes. Most of Cry proteins seperated, excized, and extracted from the one dimensional - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), instead of 2D-PAGE, were matched with protein databases using MS-MASCOT search program. The internal amino acid sequences which were submitted to protein BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) had partially homology with the Cry protein databases. Hence, present data strongly suggest that the de novo amino acid sequencing and ESI Q-TOF/MS analysis along with MASCOT search could be used as a simple and rapid method for detection of novel Cry toxins from B. t. isolates and identification of B. t. isolates.

Fungi belonging to the Paecilomyces spp. have recently been used as food and herbal medicines in Korea and are greatly popular as commercially available powdered supplement or dried fruiting body. Despite this acceptance and its use, little is known of the genes related to its reactive agents. Presently, We have constructed an olig-d(T) primed directional cDNA library from the silkworm Dongchunghacho, an entomopathogenic fungus, of which species is belonging to Paecilomyces spp. based on the previous identification of ITS1 and ITS2 at the molecular level and collected from Jocheon Miryang, Korea. To isolate and screen genes in the fungus, 626 expressed sequence tags(ESTs) were generated by a partial sequencing from the cDNA library. cDNA encoding the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(Pt-GAPDH) of Paecilomyces tenuipes- Jocheon was cloned from the above cDNA library. The complete cDNA sequence of Pt-GAPDH is comprised of 1,014bp encoding 338 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence of Pt-GAPDH showed higher homology with Beauberia bassiana-GAPDH(93% amino acid identity). Hydropathy analysis revealed that Pt-GAPDH protein is hydrophilic. The major three amino acids in its composition of amino acid residues were alanine(11.54%), valine(9.47%) and glycine(8.88%). The Pt-GAPDH gene of Paecilomyces tenuipes entomopathogenic fungus consisted of three exons and two introns coding for 338 amino acid residues, and the genomic DNA length of the gene spans 1302bp. The accession number of the gene in GenBank are GU997099 for Pt-GAPDH cDNA and GU997102 for Pt-GAPDH genomic DNA. More investigation works including gene expression, immunological analysis etc. will be carried continuously without hesitation after this presentation.

Density of malaria vector mosquito was monitored at 24 sites in Korea to estimate malaria epidemic from 2004 to 2009. Twenty four locations include six in Gwangwon province and nine in Kyonggi province and nine in Incheon metropolitan city. Mosquitoes collected by public health centers in 24 sites were sent to each RIPHE(Research Institute of Public Health & Environment) then the RIPHE identified the malaria vector mosquitoes. KCDC analysed the results. Number of malaria vector mosquito collected in 2009 shapely decreased over 33 % when compared with number of mosquito collected from 2004 to 2009. In 2009, malaria vector mosquitoes firstly were collected at Injegun on 2nd week of April (6-13, April) and the highest peak of collected mosquito was demonstrated on 3rd week of August. Number of collected mosquito sharply decreased below 10 at 3rd week of september and None of mosquito was collected 2nd week October. Decrease of number of malaria vector mosquito collected in 2009 seem to be related with lowest temperature around midnight and precipitation days per month.

The males of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, were attracted on trap baited with or without a synthetic sex pheromone. The attractiveness of sex pheromone trap was higher than yellow-color sticky trap, but both phenologies were similar. There was a positive relationship between mean density of 2nd nymph to adult cryptic mealybug and the density of the male caught on trap. The density of cryptic mealybug per tree was higher correlated with yellow-color sticky trap than sex pheromone trap. The pattern of cryptic mealybug male occurrence had two to three cohorts in a generation resulted from overwintering stage. The maximum occurring time of 1st to 2nd nymph stage could be estimated from the peak time of trap catch by effective temperature accumulation. The higher and lower threshold temperature was estimated as 10.9 and 32.6℃, respectively and its thermal constant was 360 degree-day. The cryptic mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus sp., which was first recovered in Jeju in 2009, was well attracted on yellow-color sticky trap. There was a high correlation between the density of Anagyrus sp. and of cryptic mealybug males caught on trap.

In phyline plant bugs, four genus each with one species are recognized new to Korea: Atractotomoidea castanea Yasunaga, 1999; Moissonia befui Yasunaga, 1999; Monosynamma bohemanni (Fallen, 1829) and Pseudophylus stundjuki (Kulik, 1973). Diagnosis and keys to species are provided with the clear dorsal images and the illustrations of male genitalia. Also the brief biology is discussed.

The molecular mechanisms and genetics of abamectin resistance mediated by target site insensitivity in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, were investigated by comparing two isogenic AbaS and AbaR strains. Cloning and sequencing of full-length cDNA fragments of GABA-gated chloride channel genes revealed no polymorphisms between the two strains. However, sequence comparison of the full-length cDNA fragment of a T. urticae glutamate-gated chloride channel gene (TuGluCl) identified a G323D point mutation as being tentatively related with abamectin resistance. In individual F2 progenies obtained by backcrossing, the G323D genotype was confirmed to correlate with abamectin resistance. Bioassays using progeny from reciprocal crossings revealed that the abamectin resistance trait due to TuGluCl insensitivity is incompletely recessive.

Oral toxicities of 5 Photorhabdus temperata ssp. temperata (Ptt) strains collected in different regions of Korea were determined against the larvae of Plodia interpunctella, Galleria mellonella, Lucilia caesar, Culex pipiens pallens and Paratlanticus ussuriensis. When a diet or water containing culture media of 5 different Ptt strains were ingested to immature insects, mortalities of the first instar larvae of G. mellonella, L. caesar, P. ussuriensis and young nymphs of C. pipiens pallens were rapidly increased and 100% within 3-5 days after treatments. However, mortality of P. interpunctella neonate larvae was slightly slower and 94.4-100% within 7 days after treatments. As controls, a diet containing either water, the medium without culturing bacteria, or E. coli culture medium did not effective on their mortalities. As another control group, the culture medium of P. temperata ssp. laumondii (KACC) were variously effective to mortalities of 4 species, namely, 100, 45.3, 2.8 and 0% to Galleria, Lucilia, Plodia and Culex, respectively. Culture media of Ptt strains inhibited developmental late of late larvae of P. interpunctella. Our results suggest that the oral administration of the culture medium of Ptt symbiotic bacteria was highly effective to control various immature insects.

In the family Sciaridae, only 3 species have been recorded in Korea, as the pests on various crops and mushrooms in glasshouse (Bradysia difformis Frey, 1948, Bradysia procera (Winnertz, 1868), Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839)), even though Sciaridae is one of the species-rich families in the order Diptera. There are plenty of species unknown in Korea which are very hard to identify by morphological characters in the larval, pupal stages and also female adults as well. Therefore, using the sequences of cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) from adult male, we tested the utilities of DNA barcode to identify the species of sciarid flies.

This study aims to examine how collaborative action research has contributed to a teacher’s professional development. It built a framework from the teacher identity perspective, aimed at deriving further insight into the effects of collaborative action research as a professional development program. It is a case study of a Korean primary school English teacher who conducted collaborative action research to improve the quality of teaching English writing. The qualitative data were collected from teaching logs, written accounts and semi-structured interviews, then analysed. The study found that the teacher experienced growth in teacher identity based on his capacity building through collaborative action research. The factors affecting the growth of teacher identity are positive attitudes to address vulnerability in teaching English, participation in the collaborative action research, continuous reflection and establishing ownership during the research. Theoretically, this study suggests the development of teacher identity perspective and its application to design, execute and evaluate teacher education programs for in-depth understanding. Practically, it provides implications for English teacher education.

본 연구는 나무이끼(Climacium japonicum) 배우체의 기내증식에 영향을 미치는 몇 종류의 화학적 및 물리적 환경을 표준화하기 위하여 실시하였다. 초기 배양재료는 멸균한 배우체의 정단을 Knop 배지(1865)의 다량요소와 Nitsch와 Nitsch배지 (1956)의 미량요소를 첨가한 고체배 지에 배양하여 획득하였다. 배우체 생산을 위해 좋은 배양재료를 얻기 위하여 다져진 배우체 및 shoot의 정 단부와 기저부를 평가하였다. 배우체의 기내생산에 미 치는 영향을 검정하기 위해 배지 7종류, 총질소 4농도, sucrose 5농도, 광도와 온도 등의 요인들을 분석하였다. Shoot의 정단부가 배우체 번식을 위해 사용한 3종류의 절편체들 중 가장 우수하였으며, Knop 배지(1865)의 다량요소와 Nitsch와 Nitsch배지 (1956)의 미량요소를 첨가한 배지가 다른 종류의 배지들에 비해 배우체의 증식에 효과적 이었다. Sucrose의 농도가 높아질수록 배우체의 신장 및 증식에 좋은 영향을 미쳤으며, 질소의 결핍 및 과다는 배우체의 생장을 억제하였다. 광도의 강약에 따라 배수체의 수, 길이 및 생체중에 큰 변화를 보였으며, 배우체 생장을 위해 최적의 광도는 3000- 4000lx. 인 것으로 생각되었다. 고온 또는 저온 조 건은 배우체의 증식과 생산에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구에 의해 개발된 생산과정의 단순화, 대량화 및 영 양체의 고품질화는 효과적인 이끼의 기내배양 방법으로 생각되었다.

본 연구는 털깃털이끼(Hypnum plumaeforme Wilson) 의 조직배양시 무성아와 배우체 유기에 미치는 IAA와 kinetin의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 배양재 료는 멸균한 배우체의 정단을 Knop 배지(1865)의 다량 요소와 Nitsch와 Nitsch배지 (1956)의 미량요소를 첨 가한 고체배지에 배양하여 획득하였다. 배양 초기에는 배양한 배우체의 정단으로부터 원사체가 형성되었으며, 배양 4주에는 새로운 배우체로 전환되었다. 무균의 배 우체를 다져서 IAA와 kinetin을 각 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10μM의 농도로 단용첨가한 동일배지에 배양한 결과 배우체로부터 원사체 무성아는 물론 이차 원사체도 형 성되었다. 그러나 IAA와 kinetin의 농도에 따라 원사체 형성 및 눈 유기가 달라지는 경향을 보였는데, 낮은 농도의 IAA와 kinetin을 첨가하는 경우 무성아 형성 과 눈의 유기가 촉진되는 경향을 보였다. 특히 kinetin 0.01μM을 첨가한 배지에서 눈과 원사체 형성율이 가장 높았다. 배우체의 형성을 위하여kinetin 0.01μM을 첨 가한 배지에서 형성된 모든 배양재료를 다시 IAA와 kinetin이 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10μM씩 단용첨가된 배지에 계대배양하였다. 계대배양한 후 이차 원사체로부터 원 사체와 캘러스가 형성되는 과정을 거쳐, 마침내 배우체가 유기되었다. IAA는 배우체 유기와 생장을 조절하였고, kinetin은 무성아 형성과 배우체 유기에 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구의 결과 조직배양시 첨가한 생장조절물질은 털 깃털이끼의 발달과정 전반에 중대한 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Two point mutations (V419L and L925I) in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) α-subunit gene have been identified in deltamethrin-resistant bedbugs. To predict resistance allele frequencies of sodium channel mutations (V419L and L925I) in bedbugs at a population level, we developed quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol. The signal ratios between resistant and susceptible nucleotides were generated from sequencing chromatogram and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequencies. Linear regression coefficients of the plots were close to 1 (r2 = 0.9928 and 0.9998), suggesting that the signal ratios are reliable correlated with the resistance allele frequencies. To enable on-site monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs, residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay method was established and used to determine median lethal concentration (LC50) values to deltamethrin for various bed bug strains. Resistance allele frequencies in these bedbug strains predicted by QS were correlated well with the RCV bioassay results, confirming the roles of two mutations in pyrethroid resistance. Taken together, employment of QS in conjunction with RCV bioassay should greatly facilitate resistance monitoring of bedbugs in the field.

The damage of citrus fruit by yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was first confirmed in 2008, and has since been one of the serious pests of citrus in Jeju. This was reported on damage symptom on tangor cultivar, Setoka (Tangor Norin No. 8) fruits cultivated in a greenhouse and the characteristic of spatial disttribution of S. dorsalis caught on yellow sticky traps was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards. The feeding habits by S. dorsalis cause rind blemishes on the navel part of fruit. The damage is characterized by being scarped and figure like covered cloud on satsum mandarine fruit, but on by a brown ring of rough russeting that occurs on navel part of Setoka fruit. The season of damage occurrence was from middle of June to late of July. There was a highly significant relationship between the average number of thrips per trap and the maximum number caught on a trap. The overall differences between the linear regression models obtained from mean-variance relationship for each surveyed fields were tested by type Ⅲ error and contrast method. The characteristic of spatial distribution of S. dorsalis was better described by Taylor's power law than Iwao's patchiness regression, and the dispersion index which is the slope (=1.72) of linear regression model showed the aggregated distribution pattern. The sequential sampling stop lines at fixed precision level of 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 were calculated.