This study was conducted to get beneficial information of fatty acid compositions and antioxidant resources from safflower genetic resources. The fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities in 128 safflower germplasm collected from South Asia and Africa were evaluated using gas chromatography and spectrophotometer, respectively. The total oil contents in safflower germplasm were 15.8 ~ 32.2%. The unsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid were 89.4 ~ 93.3%, and 15.5 ~ 80.4%, respectively. Six accessions (K184652, K184658, K184662, K184671, K185831, and K185832) from South Asia exhibited high oleic acid contents. Variation of DPPH and ABTS activities ranged from 0.8 ± 0.28 to 7.6 ± 0.06 μg ASC mg-1 and from 23.1 ± 1.72 to 134.7 ± 1.25 μg Trolox mg-1, respectively. Total polyphenol contents ranged from 5.1 ± 0.17 to 52.0 ± 1.24 μg GAE mg-1. The antioxidant activities and fatty acid compositions were not different between the South Asia and Africa germplasm, while oil contents of seeds were higher in South Asia germplasm. DPPH values had positive correlation with ABTS activity (r = 0.862**) and total polyphenol contents (r = 0.864**) whereas oleic and linoleic acid showed strong negative correlation (r = −0.998**). Principal component analysis based on oil and antioxidant traits exhibited that the first four principal components together expained 85.0% of the total variation.

Background : To select plant resources of the possibility of development as a natural antioxidant, the antioxidant activities including total polyphenol content (TPC), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP) of perilla accessions collected from South Korea were conducted. Method and Results : A total of 18 perilla accessions by regions were selected. Two grams of dried perilla leaves were extracted with 85% ethanol and used for analysis of antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity value was measured in a spectrophotometer. Perilla extracts showed variation in TPC ranging from 30.87 to 92.66 ㎍ GAE ㎎-1 dw. ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and RP ranged from 6.83 to 38.64 ㎍ Trolox ㎎-1 dw, 0.63 to 8.62 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, 5.05 to 17.57 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, and 4.52 to 35.69 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, respectively. TPC was high in perilla leaves of Gyeongsang-do, but other antioxidant activities were high in perilla leaves of Chungcheong-do. Cluster analysis based on antioxidant acitivities of 18 perilla accessions consist of group Ⅰ (3 accessions), Ⅱ (2 accessions), Ⅲ (5 accessions) and Ⅳ (8 accessions). Group Ⅱ characterized as higher antioxidant activities than other groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on antioxidant data revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 97.78 % total variation. Conclusion : IT242410 and IT235354 of group Ⅱ showed high antioxidant activity. These resources will be useful for developing natural antioxidants.

This study was investigated to develop mass evaluation system for the contents of crude protein, oil and fatty acid in soybean germplasm using NIRS. NIRS equations were created with 345 soybeans, multiple correlation coefficients of crude protein, oil, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid between data obtained from NIRS and quantitative analysis were 0.983, 0.969, 0.592, 0.514, 0.978, 0.961 and 0.957, respectively. Equation statistics indicated that contents of crude protein, oil and unsaturated fatty acid except palmitic and stearic acid in soybean seed were suitable for determination by NIRS. Those NIRS equations were applied to examine crude protein, oil and unsaturated fatty acid of 854 soybean landraces from Korea. The average contents and ranges of crude protein and oil were 39.2% with a range of 33.7-47.0% and 15.0% with a range of 9.8-20.3%, individually. In addition, those of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were 21.4% with a range of 12.1-30.2%, 55.6% with a 47.8-62.3% and 8.1% with a range of 5.9-10.7% respectively. We conducted quantitative analysis to reconfirm with IT154552 (45.1%) and IT023955(46.9%) above 45% of crude protein, the results were similar from NIRS (45.2%, 47.0%). NIRS data for protein from this study made no difference with lab data, which would be useful for mass evaluation. There was negative correlation (-0.203) between crude protein and oil, positive correlation (0.379) between crude oil and oleic acid, and significantly negative correlation (-0.879) between oleic and linoleic acid.

본 연구는 국립농업과학원 농업유전자원센터와 일본 NIAS가 보유하고 있는 밀 유전자원 중 한국, 일본, 중국원산 밀 재래종 유전자원 486자원을 대상으로, 국내 적응성판별을 위한 성숙기 특성과 제빵 특성평가를 위하여 분자마커와 SDS-PAGE를 이용하여 고분자글루테닌 조성을 분석하였으며, 또한 이에 대한 원산지별 유전적 다양성을 조사하고 유용자원을 선발하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, SDS-PAGE와 DNA marker를 이용한 고분자글루테닌 분석결과 기존의 보고와 조성패턴이 일치하는 자원은 전체의 381자원으로 78.6%이고, 이중 24자원은(5.6%)는 재래종 유전자원 특성상 불균일성으로 인해 한 allele에 중첩된 band pattern을 보이는 자원이었으며, 13자원(3.2%)은 기존보고에서 볼 수 없는 새로운 band pattern을 보이는 자원으로 비슷한 유형별로 그룹화해 추후 DNA sequencing 분석이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 둘째, 한국과 일본 자원의 경우 Glu-A1과 Glu-B1 locus에서 Glu-A1c (null)와 Glu-B1b (7+8) allele이 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으나, 중국 자원의 경우 Glu-A1a (2*)와 Glu-B1c (7*+9)가 가장 높은 빈도를 보여 그 양상이 달랐다. 셋째, Glu-B1d (6+8)과 Glu-B1e (20), Glu-D1b(3+12), Glu-D1c(4+12)는 한국자원만 가지고 있는 특이 allele이었고, Glu-B1f (13+16)과 Glu-D1e (2+10)의 경우 오직 중국자원만 가지고 있는 독특한 allele로서 원산지별로 고유한 allele이 존재하였다. 넷째, 고분자 글루테닌 subunit 조합을 기준으로 하여 PIC 및 UPGMA 분석을 통해 유전적 다양성을 분석한 결과 중국자원(PIC value 0.53)의 경우 한국, 일본 자원(PIC value 0.35)보다 유전적 다양성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 UPGMA tree상 한국, 일본의 유전자원 대부분이 Group I 에 속하는 것과 달리 중국자원의 대부분은 GroupⅡ에 속해 양국과는 구별되는 특성을 보였다. 다섯째, 총 291자원에 대한 Glu-1점수평가를 실시한 결과, 총 26자원이 10점 만점 자원이었다. 이중 중국원산 자원이 23자원, 한국원산 자원은 3자원이었다. 선호되는 allele인 Glu-D1d를 가진 자원은 만점 자원을 제외하고 총 16점이 있었다. 또한 전체 자원 중에는 6점의 자원이 147자원으로 가장 많았고, 8점 이상의 비교적 우수한 조성의 자원은 84자원이었다. 여섯째, 선발된 만점 자원의 출수기, 성숙기를 조사한 결과, 6월 상순 이전에 성숙한 자원은 16자원으로 특히 이중 3자원(K151847, K151865, K151962)은 극조숙성인 국내품종들의 숙기와 비슷한 5월 하순 성숙해 특히 이용가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 한국, 중국, 엘살바도르 강낭콩 유전자원을 대상으로 농업특성을 조사하고, 분자마커를 이용하여 유전적 다양성을 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개화일수 전체 평균은 61일, 범위는 41일에서 83일, 생육일수는 평균 104일, 범위는 86일에서 143일 사이였다. 엘살바도르 자원의 평균 생육일수는 97일로 한국, 중국의 104일과 103일보다 6∼7일 빨랐다. 둘째, 협장은 전체 평균 10.9 cm, 범위는 4.2∼19.5cm, 중국 자원의 평균 협장은 12.7 cm로 가장 길고 범위도 7.0∼19.5 cm로 넓었다. 협폭의 전체 평균은 11.7 mm, 범위는 5.6∼27.5 mm, 중국 자원의 평균 협폭은 12.8 mm, 범위는 6.7∼27.5 mm로 3개국 중 가장 넓었다. 셋째, 100립중의 전체 평균은 40.9 g, 범위는 18.1∼69.3 g, 한국과 중국 자원의 평균 100립중은 각각 44.3 g, 42.7 g으로 유사하였으나 엘살바도르 자원의 평균 100립중은 26.3 g으로 매우 작았으며 분포범위도 18.5∼32.1 g으로 좁았다. 넷째, 신육형은 유한형이며 직립형 자원이 35.7%, 무한형이며 덩굴성인 자원이 46.4%였으며, 신육형이 중간형이고 덩굴성 자원이 16.1%로 나타났다. 한국 자원은 유한형과 무한형의 비율이 유사하였으며, 중국 자원의 신육형은 무한형이며, 덩굴성 자원이 60.5%, 엘살바도르는 중간형이며, 덩굴성 자원이 90.1%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 다섯째, 종피색은 전체적으로 적색자원이 평균 44.5%로 가장 많았으며, 특히 엘살바도르는 적색자원이 83.3%로 대부분이었고, 종자모양은 신장형이 평균 30.4%로 가장 많았으나, 한국자원은 계란형(36.6%), 중국자원은 신장형(55.3%), 엘살바도르는 입방형(79.2%)이 많아 국가별 차이를 보였다. 여섯째, 한국 자원 292점, 중국 자원 72점, 엘살바도르 자원 71점 등 435점을 대상으로 8개의 SSR 마커를 이용한 유전적 다양성 분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 총 92개의 allele가 확인되었고, gene diversity 와 PIC로 볼 때 중국 자원이 각각 0.73, 0.69로 가장 높았으며, 엘살바도르 자원은 0.48과 0.45로 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

This experiment was carried out to compare the morphological traits of Korean, Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asian(SEA) soybeans from RDA genebank. Days to flowering were ranged from 51 to 125 days with an average of 75 days. Those of China were the shortest with an average of 58 days and those of SEA were the longest with an average of 99 days. Growth days were the shortest with 94 days from China, and longest with 188 days from Korea and SEA. The 100 seed weight of soybeans was ranged from 3.4g to 46.4g, with an average 22.2g. The 100 seed weight was the lightest with an average 11.8g from SEA and the heaviest with an average 24.6g from Korea. In growth habit, over 50% of being collected from Korea, Japan and China were erect type, but 94% from SEA were intermediate type. The highest percentage of seed coat color was yellow(66.1%), followed by yellowing green(10.0%). As a result of cotyledon color in 760 black seed was 76.1% with yellow, 23.9% with green. Green cotyledon was much more in Korea(38.6%) and Japan(33.3%) than other countries. One thousand seven accessions from Korea, Japan, China and SEA were analyzed using 7 SSR markers. One hundred eighty alleles were detected with a lowest 16 at the Satt537 and a highest 35 at the Satt390. The average polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.68, the highest with 0.7 in Japan. Gene diversity was the highest with 0.73 in China and Japan, while the lowest in SEA with 0.68.

Glutenin is the major factor responsible for the unique viscoelastic dough characterisitcs of wheat flour, which determine mixing and bread baking performance(X.Shan et al, 2007). And early maturity is one of the most important cultural characteristic in Korea because of its winter cropping system. This study is to reveal the genetic properties of Asian wheat landrace collection originated from 6 separate regions such as Korea, China, Japan, Afganistan, Iran, Pakistan, Caucasus, and Middle East. Using germplasms maintained in National Agrobiodiversity Center, RDA, Korea, the variations in morphological character and HMW glutenin subunit composition were investigated. In this study, Glu-A1c(null), Glu-B1b(7+8) and Glu-D1a(2+12) alleles are the most frequent in Asian landrace wheats. When it comes to unique composition, Glu-B1aj(8) and Glu-D1q(2+11) subunits are only in Afghanistan wheat. And Glu-B1k(22), Glu-D1l(12), Glu-D1m(10) subunits are only in accessions from Pakistan, Korea, and China, respectively. The accessions from Iran and Caucasus have the highest PIC value(0.57), which shows wheat origin region has high genetic diversity. Grouping by UPGMA anlysis of combination of Glu-1 allele, most accessions from Afghanistan, Korea, and Japan were in the same group despite of geological distance. Contrasively, many germplasms originated from China, Caucasus, and Middle East were in the other same group. The evaluation of bread baking quality by Glu-1 scoring system, 34 accessions are perfect 10. 16 samples from China and 1 Afghanistan among them were also matured before early June, suitable to Korean cropping system. Especially, 3 accessions(K151847, K151865, K151962) had extremely early maturity, ripened before late May. These genetic resources having good gluten quality and early maturity are expected to be used for Korea wheat breeding system.