총채벌레는 우리나라에 60여 종이 알려져 있으며 다양한 시설작물에서 직접적인 섭식 피해 이외에 토마토반점위조바이러스(TSWV)를 매 개하는 간접적인 피해도 유발한다. 그동안 총채벌레 방제는 살충제에 의존해 왔는데, 이는 농업환경에 많은 부작용을 유발하고 해충의 저항성을 유발시켜 더욱 방제를 어렵게 하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대안으로 내성 회피를 위한 물질을 탐색하였다. 실내검정으로 약용작물 67종의 추출물을 꽃노랑총채벌레 성충에 처리하여 가장 효과가 우수한 목단피를 선발하였다. 목단피 추출물을 처리 후 1일차에 100%의 살충효 과를 보였다. 또한, 목화진딧물은 3일차 83%, 복숭아혹진딧물 3일차 97%, 점박이응애 1일차 100%의 살충효과를 보였다. 고추 포트 검정에서 꽃노랑총채벌레 방제가는 1일차 77.6%, 2일차 40%의 효과가 나타났다. 현재 추가적으로 효과를 증대시킬 수 있는 물질을 탐색하고 있으며, 총 채벌레 방제에 본 추출물을 활용한다면 효과적일 것으로 기대된다.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of important agricultural pests that attack a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Adult female can cause direct damage by laying eggs under the skin of fruits and vegetables. The eggs hatch into larvae that feed in the decaying flesh of the agricultural crops. Damaged fruits and vegetables quickly become inedible or dropto the ground. We investigated the oviposition characteristics of B. dorsalis on twelve fruits and seven vegetables. B. dorsalis marked the oviposition places on every crop tested. B. dorsalis laid eggs into the fruits and vegetables except lemon and passionfruit. We examined the adult emergence from infested crops.

2019년부터 2022년까지 제주도 올리브(olive, Olea europaea)에서 발생하는 해충을 조사한 결과, 총 15종의 해충이 확인되었다. 이중 나방 류와 노린재류의 발생과 과실 피해가 매우 심했다. 나방류는 수수꽃다리명나방(Palpita nigropunctalis), 큰점애기잎말이나방(Aterpia circumfluxana), 차잎밀아나방(Homona magnanima), 차애모무늬잎말이나방(Adoxophyes honmai) 순으로 많이 발생하였다. 나방류 해충은 주로 잎을 가해했지만, 수수꽃다리명나방은 과실피해도 심하게 유발하였다. 노린재류로는 갈색날개노린재(Plautia stali), 썩덩나무노린재(Halyomorpha halys), 풀색노린 재(Chinavia hilaris)가 주로 발생하여 과실 피해를 유발하였다. 깍지벌레류인 갈색깍지벌레(Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus)와 뽕나무깍지벌레(Pseudaulacaspis pentagona)는 무방제 시 과실에도 발생하여 피해를 주었다. 진딧물과 해충은 국내 미기록종인 올리브면충(신칭, Prociphilus oleae)만이 발생하였고, 갈색나무매미충(Ricania shantungensis)도 올리브에 처음 발생이 확인되었다. 국내 미기록종인 올리브철모깍지벌레(신칭, Saissetia olea)은 발견되었으나 방제후 더이상 발생하지 않았다. 이외 천공성 해충이 올리브에 심각한 피해를 유발하였으나, 종은 확인되지 않았다.

곤충은 주변환경에 적응하며 발육과 번식을 통해 진화하여 왔다. 온도발육모형을 이용하여 곤충과 응애 분류군별 공통고유최적온도, 발육 최적온도, 산란최적온도를 산출하기 위해 112편의 논문에서 응애류 14종, 딱정벌레목 8종, 파리목 5종, 노린재목 31종, 벌목 7종, 나비목 18종, 메뚜기목 1목, 다듬이벌레목 5종, 총채벌레목 5종의 온도발육과 산란자료를 분석하였다. 분석을 통하여 총채벌레목을 제외하고 공통고유최적온 도는 발육최적온도보다는 산란최적온도와 차이가 적었다. 본 종설을 통해 공통고유최적온도는 발육최적온도보다는 산란최적온도와 밀접한 관계 가 있을 가능성이 높음을 제안하였다.

진딧물은 직접적으로 식물의 체관부를 흡즙함으로써 식물 피해를 줄 뿐 아니라 식물 바이러스를 매개하고 그을음병을 유발시켜 식물에 이차적인 피해를 준다. 식량작물에 영향을 주는 기장테두리진딧물(Rhopalosiphum padi), 싸리수염진딧물(Aulacorthum solani), 아카시아진딧물 (Aphis craccivora), 완두수염진딧물(Acyrthosiphon pisum)의 발육, 생존, 번식에 미치는 온도의 영향을 생명표분석을 통하여 비교하였다. 10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C에서 얻은 발육단계별 발육기간, 생존율, 성충수명, 성충산자 자료를 암수이용생명표분석(age-stage, two-sex life table analysis) 방법을 이용하여 생명표매개변수를 추정하였다. 싸리수염진딧물은 30도에서 성충으로 발육하지 못하였다. 15°C를 제외한 모든 온도에서 기장 테두리진딧물의 내적자연증가율이 가장 높았으며 (10, 20, 25, 30°C에서 0.12, 0.34, 0.47, 0.32) 30도에서 완두수염진딧물의 내적자연증가율은 음의 값 (-0.04)이었다. 식량작물을 가해하는 진딧물 4종의 생명표 매개변수 비교분석을 통해 저온 적응성이 높은 종은 싸리수염진딧물이었고 고온 환경에서는 기장테두리진딧물이 우점할 것으로 추정되었다.

1950년대에 종합적 유해생물관리(IPM)의 개념이 발달하기 시작하여 1960년대에는 경제학적 개념이 해충방제에 포함되기 시작하였다. 1970년대부터 미국과 유럽을 중심으로 종합방제와 관련된 연구가 진행되었다. 우리나라 병해충 종합방제에 관한 연구는 1970년대 감귤해충에 대한 종합방제연구와 통일계 품종의 보급에 따른 수도해충종합방제연구에서 시작되었다. 우리나라 사과 병해충종합관리 연구는 1980년대 화학 농약을 이용한 방제 및 약제 저항성 연구, 해충 및 천적생태에 대한 연구, 성페로몬에 대한 연구를 시작으로 진행되었다. 1990년대부터는 농가보급을 위한 IPM 연구사업과 현장실증사업이 병행되었다. 2000년대에는 교미교란제를 중심으로 한 해충예찰과 발생모형 개발, 해충에 대한 DB 프로그램 및 정보공유를 위한 네트워크가 구축되었다. 2010년대는 무인예찰 및 자동화기술 개발을 통해 IPM 기술이 확장되고 있다.

기후변화로 인해 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도 (CO2)증가가 톱다리개미 허리노린재(Riptortus calvatus)의 화학통신에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실내 이산화탄소 농도를 600, 1000, 2000 ppm 수준 처리하여 조사하였다. 두 집합페로몬 성분인 (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexanoate와 (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-3-hexanoate의 생산량은 우화 후 10일 된 수컷의 경우 대기 중 CO2가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보인 반면, 우화 후 20일 된 수컷에서는 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 교미율은 CO2 농도에 따라 큰 차이가 없었으나, 총 산란수는 1,000 ppm 이상 CO2 농도에서 높게 나타났다.

The effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere was examined on the pheromone system of Helicoverpa armigera reared from egg stage to adult in three room. Two of three room (2×2×2 m) were treated with carbon dioxide gas as 600 ppm and 1,000 ppm, respectively. Mean of carbon dioxide concentration was 429.1 ppm in the control, 603.3 ppm for 600 ppm, and 1011.5 ppm for 1,000 ppm during experiment. Electroantenograph (EAG) test was conducted on 3-d-old male adults with air, hexane, and a series of their sex pheromone component, Z11-16Al, from 0.01 to 100 ng. The result was that male EAG responses of 600 and 1,000 ppm were 30.3% lower than that of control room. Production of Z11-16:Al was examined on about twenty 2-d-old virgin females. Carbon dioxide increases did not show a statistically significant difference. However, higher amount of sex pheromone was produced in females of 600 and 1,000 ppm. So, This experiment was replicated with different population reared again. The amount of the sex pheromone per female was 108.9 and 118.1 ng in control room, 139.8 and 141.8 ng in 600 ppm room, and 124.6 and 125.8 ng in 1,000 ppm room.

Ascotis selenaria is one of most important pest of geometridae moths in citrus orchards causing citrus fruit damages in jeju, Korea. Oviposition site had not been found on citrus tree, but was witnessed at the net adjacent of vinyl covering a green house in 2007. And then, A. selenaria larva highly clumped on the citrus(Shiranui : [C. unshiu × C. sinenesis] × C. reticulata) tree near the oviposition site and the ID(Index of Dispersion) value was 6.81. However, dispersion of A. selenaria larva was not clearly clumped in field citrus(C. unshiu) during 2008 and 2010. The value of GI(Green’s index) was 0.0179, 0.0208, and 0.0064, respectively. Those were so low that A. selenaria larva were distributed almost randomly in field citrus orchard. Consequently, it was assumed that A. selenaria female oviposited on a tree like Cryptomeria japonica surrounding a citrus orchard in field and hatched larva moved to citrus tree by drifting with winds.

The sex pheromone of Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), an important pest of kiwifruit in Korea, was studied. Two candidate pheromone components detected in the gland extracts of females were identified as (E)-5-hexadecenyl acetate (E5-16:OAc) and (E)-5-hexadecenol (E5-16:OH) in a ratio of 75:25 by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. In the kiwifruit orchards, E5-16:OAc alone was attractive to S. auriferella males and caught significantly more males than live virgin females. However, addition of E5-16:OH strongly inhibited attraction to E5-16:OAc. These results suggest that the major component of the female-produced sex pheromone of S. auriferella is E5-16:OAc. This hexadecenyl acetate is a novel moth sex pheromone component.

To understand the oviposition biology of arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), the longevity and fecundity of the overwintered females were examined at various temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, and 32℃). The total fecundity increased with rising temperature, showed a maximum of 260.9 crawlers per female at 24℃, and then declined thereafter. Females showed a periodical oviposition activity. The 1st cycle fecundity was identified at all temperatures examined, and was not significantly different between 16 and 28℃. However, the 2nd cycle fecundity and later cycle fecundity were much lower at 16, 20, and 32℃ than those at 24 and 28℃. The pre-oviposition period ranged from 49.0 d at 16℃ to 19.7 d at 32℃, and was the shortest 19.4d at 28℃. The linear lines of mean development rates (1/mean pre-oviposition period) against temperatures provided the estimate of low-threshold temperature 8.7℃ for pre-oviposition stage and the thermal constant of 358.1 DD. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant for the completion of U. yanonensis pre-oviposition period well predicted the first crawler occurrences in the fields.

Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t.) strains are important microorganism because they produced a large amount of δ-endotoxin protein per bacterial cell and their toxins are highly toxic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera depending on B. t. To date, more than a hundred Cry proteins have been identified and classified into 195 holotypes, based on the amino acid sequence identity. The Cry proteins or cry genes from the Korean native B. t. isolates in this study were not identified yet. The electrospray ionization of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI Q-TOF MS) was used to get the internal amino acid sequences of the endotoxin-spore culture mixtures of B. t. isolates, for which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were unable to detect the cognate genes. Most of Cry proteins seperated, excized, and extracted from the one dimensional - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), instead of 2D-PAGE, were matched with protein databases using MS-MASCOT search program. The internal amino acid sequences which were submitted to protein BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) had partially homology with the Cry protein databases. Hence, present data strongly suggest that the de novo amino acid sequencing and ESI Q-TOF/MS analysis along with MASCOT search could be used as a simple and rapid method for detection of novel Cry toxins from B. t. isolates and identification of B. t. isolates.

The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is a destructive pest on citrus. This study was conducted to obtain the stage-specific phenology of I.purchasi for use in field application. The crawlers (hatched nymphs) from the egg sac of overwintered female began to move from late May and peaked in early to mid-June with most crawlers completed the movement till late June. The 1st nymph population peaked in mid June in 1stgeneration and early October in 2ndgeneration. The 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late July and late October during the 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. The 3rd nymphs peaked in early September in 1st generation, while it kept a plateau without forming a peak after mid October in 2nd generation. The 1st generation adults peaked in mid September, and the tail was overlapped with 2nd generation adult population. Consequently, two life cycles were competed in Jeju area. An average of 20.7% of citrus orchards was infested with I. purchasi with a 3.9% of mean infested trees in Jeju. The present results should be useful in establishing management strategies for I. purchasi in citrus orchards.