Orius minutus (L.) (Hemiptera: Anthocotidae) is a native predator of mites, thrips, and aphids whereas Orius laevigatus (Fieber) is a commercialized predator were assessed against O. metasequiae in laboratory and field. Adult females of both predator predated equally O. metasequiae adult after 3 hours of exposure in the laboratory on no choice assay. Orius minutus and O. laevigatus released with Portulaca oleracea plant in Metasequouia glyptostroboides tree reduced O. metasequiae population equally by 48.3% and 42.7% on first week after exposure. But O. laevigatus released without P. oleracea plant reduced 52.4% on the first week whereas O. minutus reduced only 6.2% of O. metasequiae population. We found only 3 O. minutus eggs on M. glyptostroboides leaves where 22 O. laevigatus eggs were found when treated without P. oleracea plant. Orius laevigatus laid 160.0 eggs on P. oleracea plant where as O. minutus laid only 25.7 eggs per plant. These result demonstrate that O. laevigatus can be applied for conservation biological control to suppress O. metasequiae population.

The Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis (Crambidae) and the old world bollworm, H. armigera (Noctuidae) simultaneously cause ear damage in corn in Suwon area. It has been assumed that the second generation of larvae of both insects is responsible for the damage. We, therefore, studied proper spray timing of insecticide in order to reduce the damage. A waxy corn hybrid cultivar, Ilmichal, was sown directly on four plots of a field at April 10, April 20, May 4, and May 18, 2018, respectively. A sodium channel blocker, indoxacarb, was sprayed eight times at 3- or 4-day intervals around the silking stage of corn in each sowing plot. At ear harvest time of each plot, we investigated damaged ratio and length of ear, and the numbers of both insect species. The significantly effective spray timings on reduction of ear damage were the sprays at June 29 and July 2 in the plot sown at April 10, the sprays from July 2 to 13 in the April 20-sown plot, the sprays from July 2 to 19 in the May 4-sown plot, and the sprays at July 19 in the May 18-sown plot, respectively. The damage level was positively related to the insect number. The result indicated that the spray at the silking stage of corn was effective on reduction of ear damage. It was assumed that occurrence time of neonate larvae of the insects at silking stage cause the damage, based on the experimental results using screened pots inoculated with the two species.

호박과실파리(Bactrocera depresaa)는 한국, 일본, 중국에 분포하는 해충으로 최근 단호박, 맷돌호박 등 호박의 수요 증가로 그 피해가 증가하는 실정이다. 이러한 호박과실파리는 성충이 호박 과실 표피를 뚫어 내부에 산란하여 유충이 과실 내부를 가해하기 때문에 처리시기를 놓치거나, 약제침투가 저조한 살충제로는 방제가 어려운 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 시험은 노지 호박 내 발생하는 호박과실파리의 방제를 위해 사이안트라닐리프롤 유제를 이용하여 경엽처리 효과를 검토하였다. 시험은 유과기에 산란하는 습성을 지닌 호박과실파리를 고려하여 암꽃이 달려 있는 유과를 대상하였으며, 성충 발생초기에 사이안트라닐리프롤 유제를 처리하여 약제처리 20일 후 피해과율 및 과실 내 유충수를 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 사이안트라닐리프롤 5% 유제를 2,000배로 성충 발생초기 7일 간격 2회 처리 시 피해과율과 유충수 조사 모두 90% 이상의 높은 방제효과를 보였다.

Physicochemical properties of buckwheat roasted at specified temperatures (175, 200, 225 and 250°C) and times (5 and 10 min) were investigated. Appearance of roasted buckwheat showed that non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred mainly at the embryo due to the presence of sugars and proteins. Microstructure of roasted buckwheat showed the formation of air cells inside the endosperm indicating the expansion of grain during roasting. Rapid Visco Analyzer profiles revealed that the extent of starch gelatinization was depending preferentially upon the roasting time rather than temperature. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content in roasted buckwheat were not significantly different from those of unroasted grains, although polyphenols and flavonoids in ethanol extracts increased slightly after roasting. Antioxidant activities of buckwheat increased after roasting.

Multiple starters consisting of two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (MJ1-4 and EMD17), Pichiafarinosa SY80, and Rhizopus oryzae were used for Doenjang making. Bacillus strains were selected based on their abilities to inhibit toxinogenic fungi and Bacillus cereus, fibrinolytic activity, and their ability to confer good flavor to Cheonggukjang. P. farinosa SY80 and R. oryzae, previously isolated from soy sauce, were selected because they were not inhibited by two bacilli. Doenjang was prepared by inoculation of multiple starters (A1 Doenjang). Control Doenjang was prepared by inoculation of B. subtilis KACC 16750 (Natto strain) and Aspergillus oryzae KCCM 60166 (A2 Doenjang). Another control (A3 Doenjang) was prepared by inoculation of microorganisms present in rice straw. Doenjang samples were fermented for 70 days at 20℃. pH of 3 samples decreased from the initial value of 6.4 to 5.8~6.0 and titratable acidity (TA) increased from 0.6 to 1.1~1.3. The amount of amino-type nitrogen increased during fermentation. There were slight differences in moisture, crude-protein, and crude-fat contents after 70 days. Contamination of fungi was observed only in A3 Doenjang and B. cereus was not detected from all 3 samples. A1 Doenjang showed the highest fibrinolytic activity and A2 Doenjang the second. These results indicate that Doenjang made with carefully selected starters was functionally improved and microbially more safe.

This article aims to draw up suggestions on conditions for participatory rural development in Korea. Rural development policies since 2000 have emphasized local community participation. However obstacles are identifed such as the troubled circumstances in which local communities face and the lack of governments’ understanding over locality in implementing participatory rural development. Endogenous self-organizations, local participation, capacitation and empowerment, local governance through partnership are important conditions to be met during the participatory development projects. These are realized not just by the aggregation of separate individuals but by linking them together and interdependent.