We have analyzed infrared (IR) images of Jupiter which was observed at the McDonald Observatory, Texas, U.S.A., during the P/SHoemaker-LEvy 9 (SL9) impact period and about one week after the last impact. The IR images were obtained on the 2.7m telescope using a NICMOS array with filters to isolate the 1.5 μm NH3 band, the 2.3 μm CH4 band, the 2.12 μm H2 S(0) pressure-induced absorption, and the continua at 1.58 μm and 2.0 μm (short K-band). All images except those with the 1.58 μm continuum filter show bright impact sites against the relatively dark Jovian disk near the impact latitude of about 45° S. This implies that dusts originated from the impacts reflect the solar radiation at high altitudes before absorbed by stratospheric CH4, NH3 or H2. The impact sites observed with the 2.3 μm filter are conspicuously bright against a very dark background. The morphology of impact sites, G, L, and H at 2.3 and 2.12 μm filters shows clearly an asymmetric structure toward the incident direction of the comet fragments, in agreement with the studies of visible impact images obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. Comparisons of reflectances of G, L, and H sites with simple radiative transfer models suggest that optically thick dust layers were formed at high altitudes at which methane absorption attenuates incoming sunlight only by about 1%. The dust layers in these sites seem to form at about the same altitude regardless of the magnitude of the impacts, but they appear to descend gradually after the impacts. The dust layers have optical depths of 2-5, according to the models.

Recently, Low Impact Development (LID) technology has been developed and used to collect, infiltrate, filter and confine runoff in order to enhance the storm water quality and to preserve the natural water cycle. In this study, two technologies were employed in order to treat runoff from an impervious surface such as a paved road and a parking lot. The infiltration trench which was constructed to manage stormwater runoff from a paved road abates and temporarily holds stormwater runoff and removes sediments and attached pollutants within the sub-surface structure prior to infiltration into the subsoils. On the other hand, the tree box filter which incorporates trees and other gardening plants to regulate and treat runoff drains the stormwater from a parking lot. The infiltration trench and tree box filter represent only 1% of the catchment area that they drain. This research was conducted to evaluate the hydrologic and water quality effects of the infiltration trench and tree box filter after LID. Storm event monitoring was conducted for the infiltration trench from May 2009 to August 2014 with a total of 38 storm events and 24 storm events in the tree box filter from July 2010 to July 2014. Hydrologic (i.e., total rainfall, antecedent dry day (ADD), runoff volume, etc.) and water quality (i.e. particulates, nutrients, organics, and heavy metals) parameters were analyzed before and after LID. The major findings of this study are as follows: The runoff before LID was discharged directly to the sewers and could lead to local flooding of transport systems and pollution to receiving waters during intense storm events. But, after LID the runoff was partially reduced for atleast 50% on the two (2) urban landuses. Furthermore, the pollutant concentration before LID was observed to be at high concentrations. However, it was reduced to an approximate of 60% after LID. With the combined processes of infiltration, filtration, retention and evapotranspiration that were provided by the infiltration trench and tree box filter, the runoff was partially reduced and a significant decrease in pollutant concentration has been observed. The results and findings of this study will help facilitate the LID for further application.

In 2006, 41% of newly-married Korean men living in agriculture or fishery area were married to foreign wives. These foreign wives suffer social, cultural, and psychological maladjustment. They need support in understanding Korean culture & language, economic independence, and mental health. This horticultural therapy program (HT program) was practiced to help the foreign wives gain emotional stability, to help them adapt to rural society, and to help them improve the relationship with their families. The participants of this HT program were 10 foreign wives, 5 Chinese, 2 Vietnamese, 1Japanese, 1 Thai, and 1 Filipina. Total sessions were 12, and each session lasted for two hours. This program started April and ended July in 2007. After this program, selfesteem of participants increased from 29.6 to 33.5, and stress decreased from 77.3 to 64.7. Participants also expressed sense of satisfaction and accomplishment after the program.

An Intergenerational Horticultural Program in a rural community in Korea was tried out to enhance social interaction between elderly citizens and children, to promote the positive self-esteem of the elderly in a rural community, to change the attitude of children towards the elderly, and to create a rural community full of vitality. The clients were 20 elderly (60-80 years old) and 40 preschool children (6-7 years old). The activities in this program included seed of hope, round autumn garden, dish garden, in the vegetable patch, flower decoration for the Chuseok Festival, rainbow flower basket, heart card, fragrance of love, and a kimchi party. The results were a decrease in depression among the elderly from 44.0% to 33.7%. General satisfaction among the elderly was 100%. The desire to rejoin among the elderly was 100%. General satisfaction among the children was 100%. The desire to rejoin among the children was 93.5%.

This study was performed to analyze the improvement of soil physical property and soil biota characteristics through cultivation of green manure crops for a one-year period before creation of a tea plantation as follows. The study revealed that the contents of available phosphate tended to decrease after sod-culture by green manure cultivation and open-pollination, when compared to the level before cultivation. The ratio soil porosity increased by approximately 30% when Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolar L. Moench were cultivated, while the soil bacteria and fungi also increased. In a research on microfauna using a pit fall trap, the population number of the microfauna was 174 of 27 species in the plot of open-pollinated sod-culture and no organic matter application, and 268 of 26 species in the plot of Sorghum bicolar L. Moench. Consequently, the culturing tool of Crotalaria juncea recorded the highest level of species diversity at 2.5, the evenness index at 3.7 and richness at 4.6, with the lowest level of a dominance index. The ecological quotient of microfauna was 0.76 in the plot of Sorghum bicolar L. Moench, and 0.63 in the plot of Crotalaria juncea.

A first step review is completed on the suitability of European designed wind turbines in an East Asia climate. Six parameters are chosen for detailed analysis of proper meteorological measures from flat, hilly, forested, coastal and offshore sites in West Europe and East Asia: mean wind speed, 10 minute mean wind speed distribution, turbulence intensity, wind shear, 3 second extreme wind speed and 10 minute direction change. All six parameters are assessed with a view for contrast with the wind turbine design standard IEC61400. The diurnal and seasonal variation, average and extreme values of each parameter are calculated where appropriate. Industry standard software and analysis techniques have been employed to assess the applicability of existing wind turbine design standards and design guidelines for the East Asian market.

This study was conducted to determine the optimum number of inter-rows according to distance of drainage furrow (DF) for running-off excessive-water stress (EWS) in paddy field. The most soil water potential was shown in high ridge (distance of DF by 70 cm) cultivation and the soil water potential showed increasing tendency in over four inter-rows cultivation by DF. The growth of soybean reduced by extended inter-row and its reducing level was high, especially, over four inter-rows (DF distance by 2.8 m) because of EWS. The photosynthetic rate decreased in the more extensive field by distance of DF at V5 and R2 stages, especially, in over four interrows cultivation. Also, root activity decreased at wider DF. The yield was reduced with wider distance of DF more extensively, the highest yield of 270 g per m2 at the every row, but yield showed decreasing tendency at over the 4th row (2.8 m) cultivation. Soybean cultivation in paddy field could be founded with DF of every other or 4th row.

본 시험은 종간교잡을 이용한 효과적인 보리 반수체 육성에 관한 체계적인 방법을 수립코자 실시하였다. 반수체 배 생산은 보리 품종 Bruce, Klages 와 Rodeo를 모본으로, H. bulbosum을 부본으로 하였다. 1. 총 1,687 화를 교배하여 1,079립의 종자를 수확하여 46% 교잡율을 얻었다. 2. 1,079립의 종자로부터 834개의 배를 생산하여 77%의 배 형성율을 얻었다. 3. 근 발육촉진을 위해서는 IAA가 NAA보다 효과적이었고, 4. 0ppm, 1ppm, 5ppm, 10ppm과 30 ppm의 IAA 농도중 1ppm이 가장 효과적이었다. 5. 콜치신에 의한 염색체 증가율은 82%이었다.

아열대 지역에서의 콩생육기간과 수량과의 관계를 구명하고자 1981년 대만 소재 아세아 채소연구개발센터(AVRDC)에서 선발한 콩 482계통을 봄, 여름, 가을 작기에 동일재료를 공시 생산력시험을 실시하여 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 작기별 평균수량 및 최고수량은 봄작기에서 높았고 가을, 여름 순으로, 낮았으며 가을 작기에서 계통간의 수량차가 제일 적었다. 2. 콩 수량은 작기에 관계없이 생육일수가 증가됨에 따라 증가되었으나 개화일수가 길어짐에 따라 수량은 감소되었다. 3. 100립중은 작기에 관계없이 결실기간이 길수록 무거운 경향을 보였으며 여름과 가을 작기에서 그 관계가 유의적이었다. 4. 다중회귀분석 결과 봄, 여름, 가을 어느 작기에서나 개화일수는 짧고 결실기간이 상대적으로 긴 계통이 고위생산력을 보이는 계통으로 고려되었다.