The purpose of this study was to investigate intra-rater reliability and determine the validity of electromyography (EMG) measurements to represent muscle activity and ultrasonography (US) to represent muscle thickness during manual muscle testing (MMT) to external abdominal oblique (EO) and lumbar multifidus (MF). Twenty healthy subjects were recruited for this study and asked to perform MMT at differing levels. The subjects' muscle activity using EMG was measured by a ratio to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and root mean square (RMS) methods. The subjects' muscle thickness using US was measured by raw muscle thickness and change ratio of thickness to maximum (MVC) or resting condition. In three trials, measurements were performed on each subject by one examiner. The intra-rater reliability of measurements of EMG and US to EO and MF was calculated using intra-class coefficients. The intra-rater reliability of all measurements was excellent (ICC=.75~.98) in EMG and US. The conduct validity was calculated by one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements to compare whether the EMG and US measurements were different between MMT at different levels. There was only a significant difference between all grades at %MVC thickness measurement of US. These results suggest that a %MVC thickness measurement of US was a more sensitive and discriminate in all manual muscle testing grades. This information will be useful for the selection of US measurement and analysis methods in clinics.

The National Education Information System(NEIS) has been utilized in primary and secondary schools. In this paper, we consider the NEIS should be used not only for educational administration affairs, but also for a lifelong management of national human re

The National Education Information System(NEIS) has been utilized in primary and secondary schools. In this paper, we consider the NEIS should be used not only for educational administration affairs, but also for a lifelong management of national human resource. The current School Information Management System(SIMS), including the NEIS, is unsatisfactory due to the insufficiency of actual field suitability and end-user's conveniency. To this, we have devised improvements of the SIMS in the seven problem areas: (1) The core business process of the school should be analyzed sufficiently and reflected in SIMS. (2) We should fully utilize groupware functions which activate the learning organization. (3) We might apply and use the CRM techniques of enterprises in SIMS. (4) The SIMS should be easy to make necessary school assessment data. (5) We should complement functions of the SIMS for a lifelong healthcare information management of national human resource. (6) The SIMS should support the school lunch management. (7) We should bring BOM and workflow concepts into the SIMS.

도로포장의 유지관리를 위해서는 운전자가 직접적으로 느끼게 되는 평탄성에 대한 관리가 중요하며 이를 위해서는 지속적인 평탄성 측정 및 모니터링이 중요하다. 우리나라 일반국도의 경우 자동화된 포장조사장비를 이용하여 포장상태를 측정하여 관리하고 있는데, 이러한 자동화된 조사장비들은 매우 고가여서 보유대수가 부족하므로 지자체 등에서는 운영하기가 어려운 상황이다. 또한 평탄성은 도로 등급이나 사용 목적 및 용도 등에 따라 정밀도를 달리하여 측정하고 운영할 수 있어야 하지만 아직 이러한 적용은 하지 못하고 있는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 개발된 저가의 장비를 이용한 평탄성 측정의 가능성을 확인하였다. 먼저 운행차량의 중량측정을 위한 운행차 하중측정 장치에 대해 살펴보고, 이 장치에서 사용되는 가속도계를 이용한 종방향 이동거리에 대한 도로구배의 측정이 가능함을 확인하였다. 도로구배 측정 결과를 θ값을 이용하여 고도 데이터로 변환하면 노면의 프로파일 형상을 얻을 수 있으며 이를 활용하면 그 구간에 대한 평탄성 측정이 가능할 것으로 파악되었다.