PURPOSES : The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of MAST composite pavement. METHODS : A Testbed with three different sections with varying pavement materials were constructed: Section 1 (MAST(Multi-Layered Asphalt Surface Treatment) Composite Pavement; RCC(Roller Compacted Concrete)+Modified DBST(Double Bituminous Surface Treatment), Section 2 (Aggregate base+Modified DBST), and Section 3 (aggregate base+General DBST). The structural stability and skid resistance were evaluated using LFWD test and sand patch test, respectively. Moreover, laboratory specimens of four different pavement materials (HMA(Hot Mix Asphalt), Gravel base+DBST, RCC+DBST, and RCC+Modified DBST) were fabricated using and the rutting resistance of each pavement type was evaluated using the MMLS3. RESULTS : As a result of the LFWD(Light Falling Weight Deflectometer) test, the elastic modulus of Section 1 was significantly higher compared to the other section with values between 450 MPa to 650 MPa. Meanwhile, the elastic modulus of Section 2 and Section 3 were almost similar from 50 MPa to 150 MPa. Moreover, sand patch test results showed that Section 1 and Section 2 have an excellent surface roughness with values higher than 0.7 mm but Section 3 has a poor surface roughness with MTD(Mean Texture Depth) value of 0.4 mm. Lastly, based on the results of the MMLS3(third scale Model Mobile Load Simulator) test, gravel base+DBST showed the lowest resistance to rutting among the four specimens, and both RCC+modified DBST and RCC+DBST showed good performance up to 600 loading cycles, but the rut depth increased rapidly until 1,000 loading cycles. CONCLUSIONS : MAST composite pavement(RCC+modified DBST) has superior structural stability compared to general DBST pavement (aggregate base+DBST), has excellent skid resistance with values higher than 0.7 mm, and has similar rutting resistance to that of general dense asphalt concrete pavement. Therefore, exhibiting its good performance in both structural and functional aspects, it can be concluded that MAST composite pavement(RCC+modified DBST) can be an effective alternative for pavement material in Southeast Asian developing countries where support for heavy vehicle loads is required and rutting is likely to occur.

PURPOSES : Construction cost estimates are important information for business feasibility analysis in the planning stage of road construction projects. The quality of current construction cost estimates are highly dependent on the expert's personal experience and skills to estimate the arithmetic average construction cost based on past cases, which makes construction cost estimates subjective and unreliable. An objective approach in construction cost estimation shall be developed with the use of machine learning. In this study, past cases of road projects were analyzed and a machine learning model was developed to produce a more accurate and time-efficient construction cost estimate in teh planning stage. METHODS : After conducting case analysis of 100 road construction, a database was constructed including the road construction's details, drawings, and completion reports. To improve the construction cost estimation, Mallow's Cp. BIC, Adjusted R methodology was applied to find the optimal variables. Consequently, a plannigs-stage road construction cost estimation model was developed by applying multiple regression analysis, regression tree, case-based inference model, and artificial neural network (ANN, DNN). RESULTS : The construction cost estimation model showed excellent prediction performance despite an insufficient amount of learning data. Ten cases were randomly selected from the data base and each developed machine learning model was applied to the selected cases to calculate for the error rate, which should be less than 30% to be considered as acceptable according to American Estimating Association. As a result of the analysis, the error rates of all developed machine learning models were found to be acceptable with values rangine from 17.3% to 26.0%. Among the developed models, the ANN model yielded the least error rate. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help raise awareness of the importance of building a systematic database in the construction industry, which is disadvantageous in machine learning and artificial intelligence development. In addition, it is believed that it can provide basic data for research to determine the feasibility of construction projects that require a large budget, such as road projects.

PURPOSES : A mechanistic-empirical (ME) predictive design logic that can compute the reflective cracking life of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlaid on top of a composite pavement is proposed herein. METHODS : The overlay thickness design and analysis logic of the HMA were formulated based on the ME concept of reflection crack propagation. Climate data, traffic load data, the pavement material properties, and the thickness of each layer of the pavement are the main inputs for the ME-Reflective Cracking Rate (RCR) prediction algorithm. An Microsoft Excel Virtual Basic for Application (VBA) program was created to aid designers in assessing the expected performance of an HMA overlay design. Calibration was done using data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) sections. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the results yielded by the program and data from a report by the Texas Transportation Institute. RESULTS : The predictive model performance effectively generates the dynamic and relaxation modulus curves. The correlation value of the calibration factors, R2, is 0.79. The calibration factors used for the Asphalt Overlay Thickness Design (AOTD) program and the sensitivity analysis, i.e., k1, k2,, and k3,, are set to 5, 5, and 150, respectively. The sensitivity of the AOTD program affords reasonable results. Additionally, the program yields results similar to the trends presented in a report by the Federal Highway Administration. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed ME design logic is successfully translated into an Excel VBA program, AOTD, which can perform routine assessments of laboratory tests for HMA overlays. The program can effectively perform numerous iterations and computations to predict an HMA overlay. The predictive model can generate reasonable dynamic modulus and relaxation modulus curves for the characterization of HMA overlays. Under the same asphalt binder grade and HMA type, doubling the HMA overlay thickness yields three times the expected reflective cracking service life.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the visibility of a mixed-color asphalt pavement. METHODS : The visibility was compared and evaluated using a color pavement specimen, i.e., a pigment was added to the asphalt binder, which was used to fabricate a color pavement specimen, with red aggregate as the coarse aggregate, and the resultant difference in visibility was quantitively evaluated. The color asphalt mixture to which the pigment was added was prepared by varying the amount of pigment added — i.e., 3 %, 5 %, and 7 % of the total weight of the mixture — to confirm the change in visibility according to the amount of pigment added. For the color asphalt mixture with color aggregates, red-colored mudstone coarse aggregates(13mm and 10mm) were used. It is assumed that the surface of the produced specimen simulates the initial performance periods and the cut section of the specimen simulates the state of completion of the performance periods. RESULTS : The initial ΔE for the colored pavement exhibited the best visibility of WC-2-R. However, when considering the value of a in the red color pavement, the visibility of SMA13-R and WC-2-R was assessed as best; this is because SMA13-R exhibits a lower color difference than WC-2-R at the beginning of the performance periods but the red color is better. Upon completion of the colored pavement performance periods, the ΔE of each specimen using the SMA13-0C specimen as the reference specimen was high in SMA13-RC and ΔE using the WC-2-0C specimen as the reference specimen was also high in SMA13-RC. In addition, the a value is also higher than that of other mixtures so it is judged that the visibility of SMA13-RC is best when the performance periods are completed. CONCLUSIONS : The a value tended to increase with the increasing amount of pigment added at the beginning of the performance; however, it was found to decrease rapidly as the performance was completed. However, in the case of using SMA13-RC as the colored aggregate, since the color of the aggregate itself is red, it exhibits a constant value of 5.67 from the performance start to completion. Therefore, it is judged that a constant red color can be expressed during the performance period when the colored pavement using red colored aggregate is applied to the exclusive bus lane.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to address various problems, such as an increase in material cost and premature failure (e.g., cracks and potholes) of porous pavements, and to develop multifunctional asphalt and asphalt mixtures to ensure the long-term commonality of porous asphalt pavements. METHODS : A basic quality test of two types of porous asphalt mixtures was performed. One type consisted of the existing porous asphalt mixture, using domestically presented grading, and the other a porous asphalt mixture using high-viscosity modified asphalt with enhanced low-temperature properties, aimed at improving strain resistance and developed by applying the grading suggested by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). RESULTS : The cantabros loss rate was 19.62 % for conventional modified asphalt (PG 82-22) and 5.95 % for the developed highviscosity modified asphalt (PG 88-28), indicating that both mixtures passed the criteria. Regarding the drain-down loss rate, mixtures using both types of asphalt were found to pass all quality standards. The average permeability coefficients for each porous asphalt mixture were 0.023 and 0.018 and both types of porous asphalt mixtures satisfied the quality standard of 0.01 cm/s, as given by the Asphalt Concrete Pavement Guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport. CONCLUSIONS : As a result of the mix design of the two porous asphalt mixtures, the mixture developed in this study was found to be superior to the conventional porous asphalt mixture using conventional porous asphalt grading and modified asphalt.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study was to evaluate the field applicability of chip seals using recycled aggregates by comparing performance between natural aggregates and recycled aggregates for chip seals. METHODS : In order to check the performance of chip seals using recycled and natural aggregates, Bitumen Bond Strength (BBS) test, Vialit and bleeding tests were carried out. Cationic emulsions (RS(C)-2 and latex modified RS(C)-2L) were used in the tests. Granite aggregates were used as the natural aggregate and recycled aggregate from road wastes were used as the recycled aggregate. The aggregate was used with uniform gradation between 10 mm and 4.75 mm to clearly compare the performance difference between natural and recycled aggregates. RESULTS : Test results showed that the aggregate retention was low for both natural and recycled aggregates when applying RS(C)-2 (unmodified emulsion), but there was almost no difference between them when applying RS(C)-2L and RS(C)-2L-1 (modified emulsion) in the Vialit test results. In the bleeding tests, there was no bleeding for both natural and recycled aggregates when applying RS(C)-2 and RS(C)-2L. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to apply chip seals using recycled aggregates in the field because the chip seals with recycled aggregates and RS(C)-2L (modified emulsion) showed aggregate retention similar to that of natural aggregates, and there was no bleeding.

비가열식 상온 도로포장 재활용 공법인 상온 현장 재활용 공법(CIR), 상온 플랜트 재활용 공법(CCPR), 상온 전체 포장층 재활용 공법(FDR)들은 경제적으로 시공 비용이 저렴하고 공사기간을 단축시키며 환경오염 영향을 적게 미치는 장점이 있다. 상온 재활용 공법에 사용되는 아스팔트 바인더는 크게 유화아스팔트(emulsified asphalt)와 폼드 아스팔트(foamed asphalt)가 적용되며, 이들은 재생 아스팔트 혼합물의 재생첨가제 또는 안정제로서의 기능을 하기도 한다. 유화아스팔트는 물속에 아스팔트 바인더 입자(1-3μm)가 계면활성제(surfactant)에 의해 상분리 현상을 일으키지 않고 분산 상태를 유지하고 있는 액체 상태의 아스팔트이기 때문에 상온에서 별도의 가열 없이 편리하게 사용할 수 있다. 하지만 상온 재활용 아스팔트 콘크리트에 대한 공학적 구조 해석을 위한 정량적 데이터가 부족하여 공학적 공용성 분석이 이루어지지 못해 널리 활성화 되는데 한계점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 상온 재활용 아스팔트 콘크리트용 개질 유화아스팔트의 개발을 목적으로 개질재(천연고무, 합성고무 등)에 의한 유화아스팔트 바인더의 정량적 물성 성능 평가를 위하여 기초적 실험평가를 실시하였다. 아스팔트 바인더(AP-3)를 개질 첨가제인 천연고무, 합성고무 A와 B를 각각 3% 첨가하여 개질시키고 유화 과정을 시켜 개질 유화아스팔트를 제조하였다. 이렇게 제조된 개질 유화아스팔트의 증발잔류물(평균 61%)에 대해 침입도와 연화점 시험을 실시하였다. 시험결과 천연고무와 합성고무 B로 개질 유화아스팔트의 연화점이 66℃과 67℃로 합성고무 A(51℃)보다 높게 나타났고, 침입도는 천연고무로 개질된 유화아스팔트가 49로 합성고무(A) 66와 합성고무(B) 74로 측정되었다. 천연고무로 개질된 유화아스팔트의 물성 성능이 가장 우수하였고 혼합성 및 저장안전성도 양호하였다. 천연고무, 합성고무 A와 B를 적용한 개질 유화아스팔트의 물성 성능평가를 통해 기초적 자료를 확보하였고, 향후 상온 재활용 아스팔트 콘크리트 혼합물에 대한 공용성능 평가를 통해 공학적 공용성 분석을 진행할 예정이다.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the dielectric characteristics of asphalt mixtures and the air voids present in them using ground penetrating radar (GPR) testing. METHODS : To measure the dielectric properties of the asphalt mixtures, the reflection coefficient method and the approach based on the actual thickness of the asphalt layer were used. An air-couple-type GPR antenna with a center frequency of 1 GHz was used to measure the time for reflection from the asphalt/base layer interface. A piece of aluminum foil was placed at the interface to be able to determine the reflection time of the GPR signal with accuracy. An asphalt pavement testbed was constructed, and asphalt mixtures with different compaction numbers were tested. After the GPR tests, the asphalt samples were cored and their thicknesses and number of air voids were measured in the laboratory. RESULTS: It was found the dielectric constant of asphalt mixtures tends to decrease with an increase in the number of air voids. The dielectric constant values estimated from the reflection coefficient method exhibited a slight correlation to the number of air voids. However, the dielectric constant values measured using the approach based on the actual asphalt layer thickness were closely related to the asphalt mixture density. Based on these results, a regression equation to determine the number of air voids in asphalt mixtures using the GPR test method was proposed. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the number of air voids in an asphalt mixture can be calculated based on the dielectric constant of the mixture as determined by GPR testing. It was also found that the number of air voids was exponentially related to the dielectric constant, with the coefficient of determination, R2, being 0.74. These results suggest that the dielectric constant as determined by GPR testing can be used to improve the construction quality and maintenance of asphalt pavements.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to determine the optimal frequency of ground penetrating radar (GPR) testing for detecting the voids under the pavement. METHODS : In order to determine the optimal frequency of GPR testing for void detection, a full-scale test section was constructed to simulate the actual size of voids under the pavement. Voids of various sizes were created by inserting styrofoam at varying depths under the pavement. Subsequently, 250-, 500-, and 800-MHz ground-coupled GPR testing was conducted in the test section and the resulting GPR signals were recorded. The change in the amplitude of these signals was evaluated by varying the GPR frequency, void size, and void depth. The optimum frequency was determined from the amplitude of the signals. RESULTS: The capacity of GPR to detect voids under the pavement was evaluated by using three different ground-coupled GPR frequencies. In the case of the B-scan GPR data, a parabolic shape occurred in the vicinity of the voids. The maximum GPR amplitude in the A-scan data was used to quantitatively determine the void-detection capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The 250-MHz GPR testing enabled the detection of 10 out of 12 simulated voids, whereas the 500-MHz testing allowed the detection of only five. Furthermore, the amplitude of GPR detection associated with 250-MHz testing is significantly higher than that of 500-MHz testing. This indicates that 250-MHz GPR testing is well-suited for the detection of voids located at depths ranging from 0.5~2.0 m. Testing at frequencies lower than 250 MHz is recommended for void detection at depths greater than 2 m.

최근 대한민국 국민들에게 인명, 재산 피해는 물론 불안감을 야기시키는 도로함몰이 사회적으로 큰 이 슈가 되고 있다. 최근 5년간 대한민국의 수도 서울에서 발생한 도로침하, 동공발생, 도로함몰 건수는 총 3,328건이며, 점점 증가하는 추세인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 도로함몰의 원인은 포장하부에 발생한 동 공의 크기가 커짐에 따라 노상의 지지력이 포장 상부의 하중을 견디지 못해 발생하는 것이며, 이를 예방 하기 위해 사전에 의심구간을 탐사하고 대책을 마련해야 한다. 따라서, 국토교통부에서는 각 지자체에 동 공이 의심되는 구간을 접수 받아 한국건설기술연구원에 협조 요청하여 지표투과탐사장비(GPR)를 이용해 현장조사 하였고, 동공이 탐지되는 구간은 즉시 보수하기로 협의하였다. 지표투과 탐사장비 중 가장 널리 사용되는 GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)은 대상체에 전자기파를 발 사하여 재료의 성질이 바뀌는 경계면에서 파의 에너지 일부가 반사되고 나머지는 통과하는 특성을 이용한 장 비다. 또한 포장 하부의 상태를 비파괴적이고, 연속적으로 파악할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 GPR 을 이용한 탐사는 주파수에 따라 그 특성이 달라지며, 김대상 외(2004)는 조사심도 0m 에서 1.5m 이내에서 는 500MHz~1,600MHz의 안테나가 가장 적합하다고 보고하였다. 본 조사는 대한민국 전국 일반국도 10개 노선의 총 19개 지점에서 진행하였고, 포장하부 동공 의심구간에 한국건설기술연구원에서 보유한 500MHz와 1,600MHz의 레이더를 탑재한 GPR 장비로 그림 1과 같이 계측을 수행하였다. 그림 2와 같이 동공이 의심되 는 구간을 파악하여 주파수 별 결과 값을 비교하고, 포장하부 동공탐사에 적합한 주파수 영역을 제시하였다. 향후 본 연구원에서 제작한 실대형 모의동공 Test Bed에서 본 조사에서 획득한 결과를 검증할 예정이다.

안테나 기술 및 데이터 처리 기술의 발전으로 인하여 비파괴 시험 장비인 GPR(Ground Penetration Radar; 지표투과탐사장비) 장비의 적용이 확대되고 있다. GPR 장비는 송신기에서 지표면으로 전자기파 를 송출하고, 송출된 전자기파가 매질의 유전율에 따라 수신기로 반사되거나 회절 또는 산란되어 돌아오 는 시간 영역에서의 특성에 기초하여 지표 하부의 층구조 및 매설물을 조사할 수 있는 장비이다. 이러한 GPR 장비는 현재 포장층 두께조사, 지하 동공 및 지질조사, 터널 라이닝 및 구조조사 등 여러 분야에서 적용되고 있다. 외국에서는 GPR 장비의 적용분야 가운데 도로포장분야에서 GPR 장비를 포장층 두께 측정, 박리의 위 치조사, 포장층 밀도예측, 다우웰바 탐지 등에 적용할 수 있다고 알려져 있으나 아직 많이 활성화되어 있 지는 않은 상황이다. 국내에서는 일반국도 도로포장관리시스템(Pavement Management System; PMS) 에서 주로 포장층 두께 측정을 위해 GPR 장비를 활용하면서 그 적용범위를 확대하고자 노력하고 있으며, 500MHz 주파수의 접촉식 GPR 장비와 1.0GHz 주파수의 비접촉식 GPR 장비가 사용되고 있다. 최근 사회적으로 이슈화되고 있는 도로함몰 예방을 위한 동공 조사에 현재 도로포장분야에서 활용중인 GPR 장비를 적용하기 위해서는 먼저 각 주파수별 측정 깊이의 파악이 필요하다. 왜냐하면 측정 주파수가 높으면 해상도는 좋아지지만 전자기파의 측정 깊이가 작아지고, 측정 주파수가 낮으면 해상도는 낮아지지 만 전자기파의 측정 깊이가 커지기 때문이다. 따라서 주파수별로 어느 정도 깊이까지 전자기파가 침투할 수 있는지, 측정된 데이터의 해상도가 어떻게 나타나는지 확인하여 사용목적에 적합하게 사용할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 포장표면에서부터 깊이별로 스티로폼으로 모사한 동공을 설치하고 250MHz, 500MHz, 800MHz 주파수의 접촉식 GPR 장비와 1.0GHz 주파수의 비접촉식 GPR 장비를 사용하여 동일한 구간을 측정한 후, 각각의 B-scan 결과를 비교하였다. 그 결과, 포장층 두께 정도의 깊이를 조사하기 위해서는 1.0GHz 주파수의 비접촉식 안테나를 사용하는 것이 가능하지만, 1.5m 깊이 부근까지의 동공 여부를 조 사하기 위해서는 500MHz 주파수 정도의 접촉식 안테나를 사용해야 하는 것으로 나타났다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental resistance of bio-polymer concrete for use of pavement materials developed for reducing the carbon-dioxide. METHODS : The compression, tension, and bending strength tests were conducted on the bio-polymer concrete specimens with and without environmental conditioning. The specimens were conditioned using the freezing-thaw and accelerated weathering process for long period of time. To assess the resistance against chloride, the chloride ion penetration resistance tests were carried out on the bio-polymer concrete specimens. RESULTS : Test results show that the maximum difference in strength between specimens with and without conditioning is about 2.6MPa indicating that the effect of environmental conditioning on specimen strength is negligible. Based on the chloride ion penetration resistance test, the penetration quantity of electric charge of the specimens is zero and there is no ion penetration within the bio-polymer concrete. CONCLUSIONS : It is found from this study that there is slight change in strength of bio-polymer concretes before and after environmental conditioning process and no chloride ion penetration observed in these specimens. Therefore, the developed bio-polymer concretes can be applied effectively as pavement materials due to the small change of physical properties with environment change.