Powder characteristics, such as density, size, shape, thermal properties, and surface area, are of significant importance in the powder bed fusion (PBF) process. The powder required is exclusive for an efficient PBF process. In this study, the particle size distribution suitable for the powder bed fusion process was derived by modeling the PBF product using simulation software (GeoDict). The modeling was carried out by layering sintered powder with a large particle size distribution, with 50 μm being the largest particle size. The results of the simulation showed that the porosity decreased when the mean particle size of the powder was reduced or the standard deviation increased. The particle size distribution of prepared titanium powder by the atomization process was also studied. This study is expected to offer direction for studies related to powder production for additive manufacturing.

The demand of underground structure such as box culvert for electric power transmission is increasing more and more, and the service life extension of these structures is very important. Then, the service life due to carbonation at the cover depth was calculated by in situ information and the Monte Carlo simulation in a probabilistic way. Additionally, the accelerated carbonation test for the cracked beam specimen was executed and the crack effect owing to the carbonation process on the service life of box culvert was numerically investigated via Monte Carlo simulation based on the experimental results.