예이츠 시에서의 현실 인식은 약간 우의적이며 아일랜드 민중들에 대한 애증과 속물성에 대한 비웃음으로 나타나고 있다. 그것은 1926 부활절을 계기로 해서 민중에 대한 존경심으로 바뀌지만 이어지는 내전기의 폭력과 광기를 보면서 다시 증 오로 바뀌고 있다. 백석은 일제하의 엄혹한 시기를 살면서 그 어려움 속에 조선 민중 들이 서로 보듬고 지켜나가던 따뜻한 풍습과 공동체 정신을 시화하고 있다. 그의 시에 서 특히 돋보이는 것은 따뜻한 친족 관계이다. 이 논문에서는 이 두 시인의 유사점과 차이점, 그 뒤에 흐르는 인간애를 분석하려 시도한다.

본 연구에서는 성희롱의 개념변화에 따른 입법적 연혁의 변화를 살펴보고, 판례의 변화의 동향을 통하여 법률적 판단의 변화와 개별 법률에 의한 법적 규율을 알아보고자 한다. 성희롱 발생은 많은 경우가 직장에서 일어나고 있다. 그러 므로 우리나라도 역시 직장에서의 성희롱사건을 크게 다루고 있는 현실이다. 이러한 점에서 법률적인 것은 대부분의 경우가 근로조건이나 노동법과 관련되어져 있다. 특히 직장내 “성희롱”에서 대부분의 피해자는 여성이 차지하고 있는 실정으로 여성이 고용시장에서 “성희롱”의 대상으로 고용상의 불이익은 물론 삶의 전체적인 측면에서 고통과 위협을 받고 있으며, 현재에도 “성희롱”이 공공연히 발생하고 있으나, 오히려 피해자의 과민반응이나 조직부적응으로 보고 있으며, 직장내 성희롱 금지‘를 규정하고는 있으나 행위주체에 대한 한정으로 인한 문제와 행위자체에 대한 법적 조치가 미흡하다. 따라서 처벌대상이 되지 않는 성적 농담을 모두 포괄하는 성적 언동을 포함하는 개념으로 성희롱의 개념의 확대가 이루어 져야하며, 행위자와 상대방의 개념의 명확화를 위한 입법에 있어서의 변화, 사회문화적인 변화를 통한 불편부당한 사항을 개선하기 위한 방안이 필요하다. 성희롱을 감소시키기 위해서는 입법 에 의하여 성희롱을 성폭력과 동일한 수준에서 제지되어야 하고 피해자를 보호하여야 하며, 사회문화적인 방법으로 인간에 대한 차별적인 시각에 대한 개선과 차별에 관한 사회문화화를 위한 국가의 노력과 사업주의 법적 책임의 확대, 기업문화를 위한 기업주의 노력을 기대된다.

두 시인의 시를 하나의 관점에서 비교해 보는 것은 흥미로운 일이다. 이 논문에서는 현대영미시의 한 이정표인 두 시인의 시를 늙음이라는 토픽을 중심으 로 비교해 보았다. 이 늙음은 두 시인의 시에서 다르게 표현되고 있는데 우리는 좀 더 감성적인 노인을 예이츠의 시에서, 이성적인 노인을 엘리엇의 시에서 보게 된다. 예이츠의 늙음은 그가 삶의 과정에서 경험한 것이며 그의 노인들은 끊임없이 지혜를 추구하고 있다. 반면에 엘리엇의 노인은 젊은 엘리엇의 상상의 산물이며 퇴락한 문명 에 대한 상징이다. 즉 우리는 예이츠의 노인에서 감성적인 지혜를 엘리엇의 노인에서 는 절망을 읽게 된다. 그리고 중요한 것은 이 두 시인이 젊어서부터 애늙은이였다는 것이다. 그것은 그들이 살던 시대의 어두웠던 분위기에서 영향 받은 것이다. 그 암울 한 분위기 속에서 그들의 위대한 시는 탄생했으며 거기서 늙음의 이미지는 중요하다. 주제어: 예이츠, 엘리엇, 늙음, 육신, 정신 저자: 신원철은 강원대학교 영어과 교수이다.

At the year Yeats died(1939) Heaney was born. It seems to say a meaningful relationship of the two poets who had achieved a great poetic success at the early and later 20th century. Yeats’ poems are full of folk tales and heroes of old Ireland to inspire their rational pride. Heaney also tried to take poetic themes from Irish local nature. The lake of Yeats and the bog of Heaney are good examples of their localism. In Yeats’ poems, the lake is a symbol of his love for the native and a kind of spiritual home where young Yeats fell in deep imagination of fairy stories. But Yeats did not try to express his homeland in realistic style. For Heaney, the bog is a good symbol which tells the tragic Irish history and people. Its hardening crusts on the surface look like those of bruises of tragic history of Ireland. The deep sinking bog is also telling the poor Irish lives. In his “The death of a Naturalist” and “Private Helicon” we can feel his typical localism. In “Digging” and “Follower” we can read the love for his family. Comparing these two poets we can conclude that Yeats is rather dreamy and Heaney realistic.

As Yeats received the Nobel Prize in 1923, he was in the extremity of honor but he was feeling his weakening physical power. He gave up Maud Gonne and married George Hyde Ridge, a wise woman, to find a comfort at his home. His later poems are a record of his meditation and wisdom of life, and in those poems the image of Gyre is very important. He thought the progress of one civilization lasted for only 2,000 years and that is expressed through the image of the Gyre. The period of the early 20th century was a time of a kind of anarchy and a situation of desperation. He thought it was a turning point to a new terrible civilization. His poem "The Second Coming" is very meaningful in that view point and so is "Leda and Swan". Then his self consciousness of his old age and wisdom is well expressed in his "Tower" and Byzantium poems. But his self consciousness is not ended to a desperation but overcome to an immortal wisdom and art. In "Sailing to Byzantium" he sang the immortal art with a exquisite artisan spirit. And he particularly sang the world of soul and art in this poem. This is succeeded in "Byzantium". It is almost a song of spirit. As he grew old, Yeats concentrated his energy on the problem of spirit. As T. S. Eliot escaped to Hinduist meditation to overcome the limit of his early poems, Yeats made his particular view of history and civilization to enhance his poetry. If he had not opened his new poetic world in his later life, he could not have become that great poet we love so much.

Generally speaking, W. B. Yeats's early poetry has been thought as romantic and dreamy and criticized as a negative poetic example. But students would rather like to read these poems than his later philosophical poems. Maybe these early poems are more attractive to them because the dim yearning, homesickness and mysticism evoke their young emotion. But I think there is a more important element to attract reader's interest, that is the physical sense. The sense - sensory feeling gives a kind of elasticity of energy to Yeats's early poems. Without this sense, these poems would have degraded as those of dim exclamation about lost love or escape from the world. To study Yeats's sense we need to research some other poets who could affect young Yeats, and compare them: Keats and Hopkins. There are many good examples of sensory feeling in their poems. Thus I see a kind of affective relationship between them and realize this sensory feeling is a very important element of English poetry which we hardly find in Korean poems.

G.M. Hopkins had stayed in Ireland for 5 years until he died and spent his hardest time in his livelihood but best time for his literature. He had converted to Catholic in his youth and became a priest at last, in spite of the objection of his family. That is a kind of ideal-searching decision but it also means a spiritual seclusion in England which is ruled by Anglican Church. As a priest he was full of humanity, love of people, especially for low class poor persons, and always felt pity for their miserable lives. And he wanted all the English people choose the real religion, Catholic, and get bettered in their spirit, but he cannot but disappointing in their vulgarity and hypocrisy. Anyhow he had very sensitive and self-conscious personality to cope with all this situation bravely. When he went to Ireland as a teacher of Greek in University College, he might have felt a kind of friendship to Irish people through their religion, Catholic. But Irish people has had deep hostility to English people because of their historical background. And there was booming a mood of nationalism against England in those days when Hopkins stayed in Dublin. Of course, it was very hard to teach Irish young students full of hostility to English people. And his health grew worse and worse. In that miserable situation, he seemed to feel a kind of desperation that God discarded him. We can find his alone and isolated situation in the sonnet “To seem the stranger lies my lot, my life“ and more deep and private sentiment in another sonnet “I wake and feel the fell of dark“. It is ironical that his hard life made him write such good sonnets. His hard life was over with the sonnet “Thou art indeed just, Lord“ where he reconciles with his God at last. In conclusion, his staying in Ireland was a good opportunity for his poetry, his literary achievement.

The nature poems of G. M. Hopkins is generally characterized as a sensitive observation on the natural objects. But the most distinctive character of his poems is in its motion and trembling. It is related with his peculiar poetic concept ‘inscape’ and ‘instress.’ We can see too many proves of this moving in Hopkins’s poetry. In his nature poems, every tree, spring water and grass is alive. Even the cloud is described as a moving life force in his diary or poems. It is surprising to be able to see so many life forces in one poet’s poems. This life force is more distinguished in his poem “The Windhover” or other poems of animal. And its climax, we can see in his poem “Harry, the Ploughman.” In this poem we can see wonderful observation on the body of a strong farmer. He observed even the minute motion of muscles one by one and he seems to be glad to see this manly body. Hopkins has an inclination of the socialist and he liked more the labouring men than the cultured weak people. Another example is Tom in “Tom’s Garland” and the blacksmith in “Felix Randal.” This is in striking contrast to Yeats’s early nature poems which are considered as a dreamy poetic world. Yeats was too devoted to one woman’s love and his early poems are a kind of escape from this world. His nature is a retirement place from this world. Contrary to this, Hopkins’s nature is a life itself. For him the whole world and nature are a great and perfect work of God. And he caught its highest moment in its motion, that is inscape.