Nanosized rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in inorganic pigments and cosmetics because of its high whiteness and duality. The high quality of the white pigments depends on their surface coating technique via the solgel process. SiO2 coatings are required to improve the dispersibility, UV-blocking, and whiteness of TiO2. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is an important coating precursor owing to its ability to control various thicknesses and densities. In addition, we use Na2SiO3 (sodium silicate) as a precursor because of its low cost. Compared to TEOS, which controls the pH using a basic catalyst, Na2SiO3 controls the pH using an acid catalyst, giving a uniform coating. The coating thickness of TiO2 is controlled using a surface modifier, cetrimonium bromide, which is used in various applications. The shape and thickness of the nanosized coating layer on TiO2 are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, and the SiO2 nanoparticle behavior in terms of the before-and-after size distribution is measured using a particle size analyzer. The color measurements of the SiO2 pigment are performed using UV-visible spectroscopy.

這篇論文將園林的贊助行爲分爲兩個部分, 以探索了其內容與系統. 一 個是園主站在贊助者的立場, 另一個是園主站在被贊助者的立場. 前者又分 爲兩個部分, 第一是以山人和士人爲對象的個人贊助, 第二是以雅會和結社 爲對象的集團贊助. 其結果, 就可以知道園主提供了他者(個人、集團)財政 經濟贊助, 他者還提供了園主人文藝術贊助. 後者也又分爲兩個部分, 第一 是君王的贊助, 第二是熟人的贊助. 說不定君王提供了園主財政贊助, 但是 他在一所私家園林住一天也使園林提高了位相與使園主獲得了名聲. 尤其是 如果賜給園主自己的御製, 就在園主的立場是一輩子最高的光榮、最上的贊 助. 而且園主造成園林的時候, 熟人提供了園主他的錢款和財物, 也提供了 園主他的專門技術和藝術能力. 如此, 園林的贊助行爲成立於園主和他者互 相之間.

The magneto-transport properties of an individual single crystalline Bi nanowire grown by aspontaneous growth method are reported. A four-terminal device based on an individual 400-nm-diameternanowire was successfully fabricated using a plasma etching technique that removed an oxide layer that hadformed on the surface of the nanowire. Large transverse ordinary magnetoresistance (1401%) and negativelongitudinal ordinary magnetoresistance (−38%) were measured at 2K. It was observed that the period ofShubnikov-de Haas oscillations in transverse geometry was 0.074T−1, 0.16T−1 and 0.77T−1, which is in goodagreement with those of bulk Bi. However, it was found that the period of SdH oscillation in longitudinalgeometry is 0.24T−1, which is larger than the value of 0.16T−1 reported for bulk Bi. The deviation is attributableto the spatial confinement arising from scattering at the nanowire surface boundary.