The proper operation and safety management of water and wastewater treatment systems are essential for providing stable water service to the public. However, various natural disasters including floods, large storms, volcano eruptions and earthquakes threaten public water services by causing serious damage to water and wastewater treatment plants and pipeline systems. Korea is known as a country that is relatively safe from earthquakes, but the recent increase in the frequency of earthquakes has increased the need for a proper earthquake management system. Interest in research and the establishment of legal regulations has increased, especially since the large earthquake in Gyeongju in 2016. Currently, earthquakes in Korea are managed by legal regulations and guidelines integrated with other disasters such as floods and large storms. The legal system has long been controlled and relatively well managed, but technical research has made limited progress since it was considered in the past that Korea is safe from earthquake damage. Various technologies, including seismic design and earthquake forecasting, are required to minimize possible damages from earthquakes, so proper research is essential. This paper reviews the current state of technology development and legal management systems to prevent damages and restore water and wastewater treatment systems after earthquakes in Korea and other countries. High technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless networks and real-time monitoring systems are already being applied to water and wastewater treatment processes, and to further establish the optimal system for earthquake response in water and wastewater treatment facilities, continuous research in connection with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including information and communications technologies, is essential.

Water quality improvement processes for stagnant area consist mainly of technologies applying vegetation and artificial water circulation, and these existing technologies have some limits to handle pollution loads effectively. To improve the purification efficiency, eco-friendly technologies should be developed that can reinforce self-purification functions. In this study, a multi-functional floating island combined with physical · chemical · biological functions (① flotation and oxidization using microbubbles, ② vegetation purification and ③ bio-filtration with improved adsorption capacity) has been developed and basic experiments were performed to determine the optimal combination conditions for each unit process. It has been shown that it is desirable to operate the microbubble unit process under conditions greater than 3.5 kgf/cm2. In vegetation purification unit process, Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) was suggested to be suitable considering water quality, landscape improvement and maintenance. When granular red-mud was applied to the bio-filtration unit process, it was found that T-P removal efficiency was good and its value was also stable for various linear velocity conditions. The appropriate thickness of filter media was suggested between 30 and 45 cm. In this study, the optimal design and operating parameters of the multi-functional floating island have been presented based on the results of the basic experiments of each unit process.

The Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) is the next generation desalination technique and is considered as a eco-friendly energy. This was conducted to evaluate the effect of the temperature and pressure on the PRO performance. The flux of the permeation was measured under different operating conditions and estimated the power density. An improvement of PRO performance is depend on increasing solution temperature and optimum pressure. The effect of increasing feed solution temperature has stronger impact on the PRO performance comparing to the draw solution temperature. The reason of the results was due to the change of osmotic power, viscosity, water permeability and structure parameter(s).

본 연구에서는 참마와 명아주의 항산화 및 항염증 효능을 평가하기 위해 참마와 명아주 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 free radical 소거활성, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 실험을 수행하였다. 참마와 명아주 추출물의 free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) 소거활성(EC50)에서 각각 2.386, 0.524 mg/mL로 측정되었다. 또한 참마와 명아주 추출물의 혼합 시료의 free radical 소거활성은 참마 추출물 : 명아주 추출물 비율이 2 : 1일 때 가장 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. IL-6와 TNF-α의 ELISA 실험을 통해 항염증 효능을 평가한 결과, 마우스 비장세포에서 IL-6의 경우 1 mg/mL 농도에서 참마 추출물은 대조군과 대비하여 27.17% IL-6 생성을 감소시켰으며, 명아주 추출물은 72.30%의 감소를 나타내었다. TNF-α의 경우 참마 추 출물은 61.97%, 명아주 추출물은 77.85%로 유의성 있는 TNF-α생성 감소 효능을 나타내었다. 이 결과들을 통하여 참마와 명아주 추출물은 항산화, 항염증 효능을 가지고 있으며, 이를 활용하여 항염증에 효과가 있는 천 연물 제제에 응용 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.