The Supreme Court of Korea pronounced that the court is not permitted to order the accused to make a donation and the like as the community service order of the Criminal Law. As there is no regulation about the definition, aim, types, contents, execution procedure of the community service order in the Criminal Law, This existing regulations about the community service order seem to be against the principle of “nulla poena sine lege." But the community service is a word with various meanings, and it is possible to give a concrete form to it by construction and let it be compatible with the principle. In my opinion to make restitution of an illegal profit, that is, make a donation can be a type of “the community service" of the Criminal Law for the following reason. 1) the community service means unpaid work or donation for the public weal in the common acceptation of the word. 2) the Probation Act doesn't provide that the court cannot order the accused to make a donation in the community service order(it just prescribes that the maximum execution limit is 500 hours when the court order the accused to provide unpaid work in the community service order). 3) the interpretation that making a donation can be a type of the community service not only closes a gap between imprisonment and suspended sentence, but also leads to a decision more harmonized with the accused's conditions. 4) the United Kingdom, United States of America, France, Germany, etc also try to interpret and manage the community service variously. The Supreme Court's decision conforms to the principle of “nulla poena sine lege” too rigidly. It’s a great pity that the Supreme Court's decision limit the types of community service.

본 연구의 목적은 우리 조상들이 생활 속에서 향유해온 문학인 설화 중, 교육 활동을 통해 교육적 효과를 거두는 이야기인 교육성취담의 서사 전개 양상을 분석해보고 그 특징과 의미를 밝혀봄으로써 설화의 전승 집단인 우리 조상들의 교육관에 대해서 규명해보는 것이다. 먼저 많은 설화 중에서 교육이 직접적인 소재가 되고, 인간을 인간답게 만드는 긍정적인 변화활동이라 할 수 있는 교육의 정의에 부합할 수 있는 설화를 추출해 보았다. 그리고 교육을 통해 긍정적인 성취를 이루는 이야기 몇 편을 뽑아 보았다. 다음으로 이들 이야기의 서사단락을 구분하고 그 전개 양상을 분석해 보았다. 그리고 이들을 첫째, 긍정적인 스승의 모습, 둘째, 교육방법 변화에 의한 성공, 셋째, 바람직한 의식 변화 등으로 묶어서 ‘교육성취담’으로 유형화하였다. 그리고 이들 이야기들이 지니는 특징과 의미를 밝혀 보았다. 그 결과 교육성취담은 여러 지역에서 전승되면서 실제 인물이 등장하는 등의 개연적인 이야기로 구성되어 긍정적인 인간 형성, 스승에 대한 끝없는 신뢰, 교육 자체의 중요성 강조 등의 의미를 담고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 이러한 연구를 통해 ‘교육성취담’은 스승에 대해 끊임없는 신뢰를 바탕으로 교육을 통해 긍정적인 인간이 형성될 수 있다는 설화의 전승 집단인 우리 조상들의 긍정적인 교육관이 반영되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the partial oxidation of the biological treatment plant effluents using Fenton`s reagent as a pretreatment step prior to a tertiary biological oxidation of these effluents. Fenton`s reagent was evaluated as a pretreatment process for inhibitory or refractory organics. Based on the Fenton oxidation system, the petrochemical wastewater treatment plant effluent was shown to have significant improvement in toxicity after oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. For example, at range of 42∼184 ㎎/L COD of petrochemical plant effluents, the COD removal efficiencies were from 38.2% to 60.1% after reaction with hydrogen peroxide 200 ㎎/L and Fe^2+ 100 ㎎/L and reaction time was 30 minutes. The total TOC reduction were about 15.8∼22.4% with same test condition and difference between the overall removal rate and BOD/COD ratio after Fenton`s oxidation estabilished in the biodegradation and otherwise meets the discharge standard or reuse for cooling tower make-up water.

Reuse of industrial effluents through the cooling systems in a petrochemical complex was described. The partial oxidation of the effluents from the biological treatment plant was examined, using Fenton`s reagent as a pretreatment step prior to a next treatment of the effluents. Next tertiary treatment using fixed-film reactor resulted in marked reductions in COD and suspended solids. The continuous fixed-film process with Fenton oxidation pretreatment showed a 23% increase in the COD removal efficiency when compared to that without pretreatment of Fenton oxidation under the volumetric organic loading rate of 0.1 ㎏ COD/㎥/day. The Fenton oxidation treatment seemed to be a possible method for tertiary biological treatment to reduce the residual toxicity with the enhanced biodegradation of the effluents.

The objective of this study was to examine and compare to transient response to quantitative and hydraulic shocks which produce equal changes in mass rate of organic feed in aerobic fixed-film process. The general experimental approach was to operate the system at several growth rates under steady-state(pre-shock) conditions, then to apply step changes during day 3 in dilution rate(hydraulic shock), or feed concentration(quantitative shock) at the same organic mass loading rate. Performance was assessed in both the transient state and the new steady-state (post-shock). Shock load of different type did not produced equivalent disruptions of effluent quality for equal increases on mass loading rate. Based on effluent concentrations, a hydraulic and a quantitative shock at the same mass loading caused equal increase in total effluent COD, but the increase was primarily a result of suspended solids the hydraulic shock and COD in the quantitative shock, The time which effluent COD came to peak values were about 32∼48 hours at the low organic loads and 52∼72 hours at the high organic loads, respectively. A quantitative shock produced a much greater increase in effluent COD than did a hydraulic shock at the same mass loading. Mean and peak values of effluent concentration were increased in 2.8∼4.2 times at low organic loading rate, 5.2∼6.6 times at the high organic loading rate respectively.