A sintering process for copper based films using a rapid thermal process with infrared lamps is proposed to improve the electrical properties. Compared with films produced by conventional thermal sintering, the microstructure of the copper based films contained fewer internal and interfacial pores and larger grains after the rapid thermal process. This high-density microstructure is due to the high heating rate, which causes the abrupt decomposition of the organic shell at higher temperatures than is the case for the low heating rate; the high heating rate also induces densification of the copper based films. In order to confirm the effect of the rapid thermal process on copper nanoink, copper based films were prepared under varying of conditions such as the sintering temperature, time, and heating rate. As a result, the resistivity of the copper based films showed no significant changes at high temperature (300 oC) according to the sintering conditions. On the other hand, at low temperatures, the resistivity of the copper based films depended on the heating rate of the rapid thermal process.

Among the various roll-to-roll printing technologies such as gravure, gravure-offset, and reverse offset printing,reverse offset printing has the advantage of fine patterning, with less than 5µm line width. However, it involves complexprocesses, consisting of 1) the coating process, 2) the off process, 3) the patterning process, and 4) the set process of the ink.Each process demands various ink properties, including viscosity, surface tension, stickiness, and adhesion with substrate orcliché; these properties are critical factors for the printing quality of fine patterning. In this study, Ag nano ink was developedfor reverse offset printing and the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), used as a capping agent of Ag nano particles, on theprinting quality was investigated. Ag nano particles with a diameter of ~60nm were synthesized using the conventional polyolsynthesis process. Ethanol and ethylene glycol monopropyl ether(EGPE) were used together as the main solvent in order tocontrol the drying and absorption of the solvents during the printing process. The rheological behavior, especially ink adhesionand stickiness, was controlled with washing processes that have an effect on the offset process and that played a critical rolein the fine patterning. The electrical and thermal behaviors were analyzed according to the content of PVP in the Ag ink. Finally,an Ag mesh pattern with a line width of 10µm was printed using reverse offset printing; this printing showed an electricalresistivity of 36µΩ·cm after sintering at 200oC.

이 연구는 비자발적 교사학습공동체에 참여한 교사들의 경험과 성찰을 다룬 질적 실행연구이다. 연구 문제는 비자발적 교사학습공동체에 참여한 교사들의 경험과 인식은 무엇인가, 그리고 비자발적 교사학습공동체를 보다 의미 있는 교사학습공동체로 만들기 위해서 어떤 노력이 필요한가이다. 연구 결과, 새봄초 2학년 교사들은 비자발적으로 시작된 학습공동체이지만 다 같이 그림책을 활용한 수업을 준비하면서 스스로 즐겁고, 아이들이 바뀐 수업에 더 집중하고 좋아하는 것을 보면서 보람을 느꼈다. 특히 교사들은 코로나 확산으로 온라인 개학의 위기를 겪으며 서로 위안이 되고, 함께 수업을 준비하고 연구하는 기쁨을 알게 되면서 “성장”했다. 더 나은 교사학습공동체가 되기 위한 노력으로서 먼저 친해지기, 비전과 가치의 공유, 수용적 리더와 협력적 참여자로 만나기, 서로 다른 요구의 타협, 수업에 집중하기가 제안되었다. 이 학교는 비자발적 학습공동체가 보이는 형식적 협력, 보여주기식 성과, 자율성 상실 등이 나타나지 않았다. 교장과 중간리더들이 학습공동 체의 참여를 강제하기보다 그 가치와 필요성을 설득했고, 운영의 초점을 수업 향상에 두었고, 운영 과정에서 다른 목소리를 존중하였기 때문이다.

This paper purports to read “Portrait of a Lady” in terms of Henry James’ influence. Unlike the influence of French Symbolist poets, H. James’s influence has not drawn many critical attentions. Eliot is greatly indebted to H. James in many ways. First of all, it is James from whom Eliot had learned that poetry ought to be as well written as prose. Also, as Eliot himself said, he was stimulated by the method to make a place real not descriptively but by something happening there and to let a situation, a relation, and an atmosphere give only what the writer wants in James’s stories. Under the inspiration of James, Eliot can cultivate his gift for dramatic verse. So, we can say the dramatic quality of Eliot’s poetry which is no less than in James’s stories, is not irrelevant to the Jamesian method. Considering such influence of James, this paper aims at comparing Eliot’s “Portrait of a Lady” and James’s The Portrait of a Lady and “The Beast in the Jungle”, in the light of the character’s failure and frustration. Especially, Eliot’s “Portrait of a Lady” and James’s “The Beast in the Jungle” portray a man who fails in having relations with a woman in common. In both of works, each man is distinctively selfish. We can investigate more concretely in what ways “the egotism of a man” is expressed and presented as a hindrance in human relations in both works.

This study wi1l examine the Eliot‘s reaction to the American Puritanism. One of the remarkable characteristics of American Puritan society was that it kept its balance between two contradictory doctrines. While the American Puritans had the Calvinistic notion of original sin, they emphasized their self-confidence and pride as the chosen people and believed that they had been already saved as New Israelites of the City of God. As a result, they paradoxical1y came to dilute the doctrine of original sin. It is the American Puritan jeremiad that reveals this paradox and has worked through American rhetoric as the ideology accelerating Americanization up to the present. Though it was a kind of reprimand and lamentation, the jeremiad was at the same time the rhetoric that directed an imperiled people of God to fulfill their destiny and guided them individually toward salvation and collectively toward the American City of God. This study examines Eliot’s reaction against such an optimistic progressive rhetoric. In a sense, E1iot as a Christian poet should be fundamentaIIy optimistic. Therefore it might be said that he is opposed not to optimism or progress itself, but to shallow such optimism and blind belief in progress without understanding of human life as Eliot thinks is Emerson’s Transcendentalism. And it is the transition from American Puritanism to Transcendentalism that Eliot pays attentlOn to. In the course of his reaction to American Puritanism inc1uding Unitarianism and Transcendentalism as a sequence of American Puritanism, Eliot in turn criticizes humanism for the be1ief in the goodness of human nature and the ignorance of original sin, which drives the modem world to what he regards as wrong, i. e., Romanticism, Democracy, and Protestantism. Therefore what concems Eliot the most about the modem world is the disappearance of the sense of sin, which, he argues, is another product of the American Puritan optimism.