The lower heating value is the basic unit to calculate annual energy in estimating an energy gain factor. Reliability of an energy gain factor depends on the accuracy of the lower heating value. However, the deviation of heating value is large, and there is no common standard. Thus, the present methods of estimating the lower heating value (calorimeter method, ultimate analysis method, etc.) are inferior in accuracy. Besides, the conventional estimation method cannot reflect the waste's inhomogenous properties or seasonal effect. Hence, this study estimated the lower heating value on the basis of relation between heat input and heat output in equilibrium state by using the law of conservation of energy and the first law of thermodynamics for industrial waste incineration facilities (57 facilities) currently in operation. In the case of self-contained boilers, the lower heating value was an average of kcal/kg (1,984-6,476 kcal/ kg), and in case of separable boilers, the lower heating value was estimated to be an average of 3,787 kcal/kg (1,621- 486 kcal/kg).

As shown in the analysis of energy recovery management policies and energy recovery rate calculation methods in Europe and Japan, it is necessary to achieve sustainable technical development and review and supplement relevant systems in Korea to maximize the thermal energy recovery rate of waste incineration facilities. By taking into account the energy (heat or power) sold in high-demand places and the energy that is independently generated and used for other processes (sludge-drying facilities, convenient facilities for local residents, etc.), it is necessary to devise criteria for a reasonable energy recovery rate. Additionally, in calculating a lower heating value of the total waste injected in an incinerator, it is necessary to review an objective and scientific lower heating-value calculation formula and calculation method that exclude policy factors following the example of the EU.

In present study, the coffee residue was analyzed to finding out physicochemical characteristics and TG analysis that can simulate a pyrolytic kinetic, while comparing with that of chicken residue and food waste. The higher heating value (HHV) of coffee residue was 5,250 kcal/kg that is higher than that of wood pellet (4,300 kcal/kg), Additionally, it showed a good activation energy 72 kJ/mol which is similar with that of other biomass, such as saw dust, wood-chip and so on. It means that the coffee residue is meeting to standard for highest quality of wood pellet, and it would be used as a biomass in the future. However, it never become a fuel without main fuel, such as coal and wood, because its discharge amount is too little. Thus, it has to be applied to existing process, such as power plant which must to meet a RPS regulation. For this, physicochemical characteristics of various biomass have to be analyzed, while considering a discharge amount of them. Therefore, the research result would be provided to reclassification coffee residue to biomass from food wastes in the future.

In classical dynamics, the coefficient of restitution is one of variables to estimate the amount of impulse. In general, we have considered the coefficient of restitution as a constant value. However, coefficient of restitution (COR) is the function of contact material and colliding velocity. Furthermore, COR is also a function of contact area. Thus, without considering the variable characteristic of COR, the actual motion of an object just after impact is not the same as we expect. A general COR model is proposed in this work and its effectiveness is verified through a cart impact experiment and its result is applied to simulation of a ball impact problem. A three-degree-of-freedom manipulator is employed as a test-bed.

This study analyzed response characteristics of Nitrogen Oxide according to injection location and change of injectionamounts by spraying food waste on the combustion platform and the latter part of the first combustion chambers inincinerators. The analytical results have found to have no major difficulties in keeping more than 850oC, the legal standardof the 2nd combustion chamber according to injection of food waste in all the test subject facilities. For spraying foodwaste in the combustion platform in the first combustion chambers, the removal efficiency of 14.76% was shown as NSRis 2.98. For spraying food waste in the latter part of the first combustion chambers, the removal efficiency of 46.40%was shown as NSR is 0.95. On the other hand, when food waste of 3 tons per hour respectively is sprayed on thecombustion platform and the latter part of the first combustion chambers, the highest removal efficiency of 84.97% wasshown as NSR is 1.02.

This study attempted to find an optimum operation codition for co-incineration of food waste and industrial wastes, focusing on injection position and rate. As the result of analysis, during injection of food waste incineration facilities, atmospheric pollutant standard satisfied all requirement. However when injected into the primary combustion chamber, the dioxin exceeded emission standard. This result has been determined that contaminants generated as processing the more amount (150 ton/day) than the designed capacity (72 ton/day) emitted and exceeded not completely removed from the control facilities.

This study tried to seek the plan to recycle chicken residues (bones of seasoned spicy chicken and fried chicken) which are sent out thermally after chickens are delivered to homes and people eat them by grasping their basic characteristics. The analytical results of the weight reduction rate through the change before and after the weight is reduced have found that the average weight reduction rate of 38.0% is shown in the seasoned spicy chickens and fried chickens. The analytical results of low-heating value of chicken residues to grasp the thermochemical characteristics have found that the seasons spice chickens and fried chickens satisfy the SRF quality basis, 3,500 kcal/kg as 5,020.9 kcal/kg and 5,295.2 kcal/kg respectively. On the other hand, the analytical result of TG has found that the thermal weight reduction rate is relatively clear in the fried chickens. It is inferred that creation of the fried chickens is more uniform than that of the seasoned spicy chickens and the effect of bound water is lower than other biodegradable substances. And it is judged that the potential that they can be utilized as sold fuel without any separate preprocessing through the drying process only is shown.

This study was to select five places among apartment houses (apartment), detached houses (including houses, villas), downtown area (markets, shops, restaurants) being operated in Korea and use the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics for treatment residues of weight reduction equipment as basic data. Also, we were to evaluate the recyclability by determining whether discharged treatment residues are available in the thermochemical process such as cement sintering facilities and power plants in which energy can be recovered based on the quality standards of Bio- SRF and SRF. Three components for food waste were analyzed and as a result, moisture average, combustibles average and ash average were found to be 11.9% (2.0 ~ 24.8%), 78.9% (63.3 ~ 93.0%) and 9.2% (5.0 ~ 11.9%) respectively and all of them were found to satisfy less than 25%, the moisture content standard of Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) products. The results of the elemental analysis were analyzed to be carbon average 49.71% (48.41 ~ 52.14%), hydrogen average 6.62% (31.32 ~ 40.63%), oxygen average 37.92% (31.32 ~ 40.63%), nitrogen average 3.82% (2.79 ~ 5.81%), sulfur average 0.26% (0.19 ~ 0.46%), chlorine average 1.67% (1.10 ~ 3.16%). In addition, the low-heating value measurement result is average 4,016.6 kcal/kg (3,255.9 ~ 4,657.9 kcal/kg) and turned out to satisfy most general Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) product standards but that of Facility E is 3,255.9 kcal/kg and was analyzed not to meet the quality standard 3,500 kcal/kg. However, if maintaining the moisture content of treatment residues to 20% or less, it is determined to satisfy the caloric value standards of general Solid Refuse Fuel products.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of regional ageing rate to industrial structures of rural areas in Korea. This paper shows that there are cause-effect relations between the industrial specialization and ageing rate in 'Agriculture', 'Finance & Insurance', and 'Real Estate & Leasing' sectors. The ageing levels are classified into ageing society, aged society, and super-aged society according to UN standard that cause different impacts on industrial specialization of regions. This paper finds that the industrial specialization is determined by the ageing levels. If there is an increase in ageing rate by 1% in ageing society, the industrial specialization of the three industries could be strengthened by 0.14%. But, ageing rates have negative impacts on the industrial specialization in aged society and super-aged society by 0.76% and by 1.20%, respectively, as increasing ageing rate by 1%. As the ageing rate progresses, 'Agriculture', 'Finance & Insurance' and 'Real Estate & Leasing'sectors have positive impacts on the industrial specialization in the ageing society. But 'Finance & Insurance' and 'Real Estate & Leasing' sectors have changed into negative impacts on the industrial specialization in the aged society. In the aged society, the employment of elderly persons of 'Agriculture' and 'Finance & Insurance' sectors increase by 1% makes positive impact on the industrial specialization by 1.54%, by 0.45%, respectively. The result of this paper can be applied to a significant guideline at establishing regional employment planning such as elderly customized employment, vocational training for rural areas, where above 14% of ageing rate.

The purpose of this study is to estimate regional economic effects of spatial diffusion of wildfire using Cobb-Douglas production function of agriculture and forestry. The analysis is applied to Gangwon and Gyeongbuk provinces where are the most damaged of wildfire in Korea. The damaged areas are derived from multiplied by the occurrence probability of wildfire and diffusion areas of wildfire for micro-spatial unit level with ArcGIS techniques. The models of wildfire provides that the spatial diffusion of wildfire increases with the rising of highest temperature and average wind speed. Through the production function, value added of Agriculture and Forest sectors get damaged where the Cos-converted slope aspect of mountains are toward the South. The production model provides reductions of regional value added by increasing damaged areas of wildfire. It reveals that the most damaged region is Andong city in Gyeongbuk province, where value added loss is 1.25 billion Won, which is about 0.72% of total value added in agriculture and forestry of the city. As a view of policy makers, it needs to be considered to establish prevention policies against wildfires because regional economic losses from wildfire are depending on geographical conditions and performances of the major industry related to wildfire's diffusion such as agriculture or tourism sector according to the result of analysis.

School closings in rural area continue to occur due to drops in population in those areas. Many studies have been done in order to effectively utilize such closed schools. However, there is a lack of studies targeting operators of the closed facilities for revitalization. Therefore, the goal of this research is understanding the real operational status of and finding solutions for the closed schools after studying the current operational status of the closed schools by conducting surveys with their operators. The survey was performed with closed-school-operators in Chungcheongnam-Do as the target; and the analysis was conducted regarding the acquisition type of the closed schools (purchase, lease), building condition, repair and construction status, annual visitors, operational days, operational fees, seasonal ups and downs, operational profits, and satisfaction of local government support. The results showed that there were differences with visitors and operational days along acquisition types as well as low operational profits and seasonal ups and downs including dissatisfaction of local government support. In this study, institutional and political improvement measurements were suggested for the effective operation of the closed facilities based on the main results.