This study was conducted to find out an alternative way of rapid and accurate analysis of chemical composition of permanent pastures in hilly grazing area. Near reflectance infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to evaluate the potential for predicting proximate analysis of permanent pastures in a vegetative stage. 386 pasture samples obtained from hilly grazing area in 2015 and 2016 were scanned for their visible–NIR spectra from 400~2,400nm. 163 samples with different spectral characteristics were selected and analysed for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Multiple linear regression was used with wet analysis data and spectra for developing the calibration and validation mode1. Wavelength of 400 to 2500nm and near infrared range with different critical T outlier value 2.5 and 1.5 were used for developing the most suitable equation. The important index in this experiment was SEC and SEP. The R2 value for moisture, CP, CA, CF, Ash, ADF, NDF in calibration set was 0.86, 0.94, 0.91, 0.88, 0.48 and 0.93, respectively. The value in validation set was 0.66, 0.86, 0.83, 0.71, 0.35 and 0.88, respectively. The results of this experiment indicate that NIRS is a reliable analytical method to assess forage quality for CP, CF, NDF except ADF and moisture in permanent pastures when proper samples incorporated into the equation development.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation as additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria on quality and fermentation characterization of Miscanthus sinnensis silages.The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber in treatments of additive of lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) inoculation had similar to control. pH of Miscanthus sinnensis (MS) silage in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in treatments of ALAB inoculation decreased. In addition, number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefor, we suggest that MS silage improved by inoculation of additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of over seeding using new grass varieties orchardgrass ‘Kordione’ and ‘Onnuri’, and tall fescue ‘Greenmaster’ on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2013 to 2016 in low productivity hilly pasture, middle area of Korea. There were used 3 grass seed mixture types made of different compositions and amounts {T1: control - no over seeding, T2: tall fescue (TF) ‘Greenmaster’ 18 kg ha-1, orchardgrass (OG) ‘Kordione’ 9 kg ha-1, Perennial ryegrass (PRG) ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T3: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Kordione’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘ Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T4: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Onnuri’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1}. In the botanical composition of grassland, T1 nearly remained constant in other seasons while ratio of weeds were increased in summer season. T2 was better than control (T1) in portion of grass ratio, which has increased by 80%. In the early time of establishment, the portions of OG were increased in T2, but TF rate was increased after 3 years later when grass was established. T3 and T4 showed a very similar patterns, grass ratio had increased by 80% and the portion of KBG had increased as time passed. T2 (129,763 kg ha-1) was showed the highest dry matter yield than other treatments (T1: 6,756 kg ha-1, T3: 9641, and T4: 10,738) in 2016.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of application levels of fertilizer and sowing methods on yields and nutritive values of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in early spring. Five fertilizer levels were used: Treatment 1, 100-80-80 kg/ha; Treatment 2, 120-100-100 kg/ha; Treatment 3, 140-120-120 kg/ha; Treatment 4, 160-140-140 kg/ha; Treatment 5, 140-120-120 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O with silicate fertilizer 200 kg/ha. Dry matter (DM) yield was 8,330 kg/ha in Treatment 5, 7,686 kg/ha in Treatment 4, and 7,347 kg/ha in Treatment 3. There was no significant difference in total digestible nutrients (TDN) content. The content of crude protein was the highest in Treatment 5. Dry matter ratio was the lowest in Treatment 5. In Treatment 3, DM yield was 7,347 kg/ha, when total amounts of fertilizers were applied at one time. However, DM yield was 7,405 kg/ha, when 50% of pre-planting fertilizer and 50% of supplementary fertilizer were applied at different time. There was no significant difference between total application and split application of fertilizers. However, DM yield was 9,469 kg/ha in application treatment with 100 kg/ha of additional urea at three to four leaf stages of IRG. Regarding DM yield by sowing methods of IRG, the following order was found: drill seeding (8,176 kg/ha) > rotary-broadcast seeding-stamping (7,957 kg/ha) > rotary-broadcast seeding (7,810 kg/ha) > broadcast seeding (7,347 kg/ha) > broadcast seeding-rotary (7,034 kg/ha). DM yield (59.57%) was the lowest in broadcast seedingrotary. Crude protein content was the highest with rotary work but the lowest with broadcast seeding.

목 적 : 경부 MRI 검사에서 motion artifact의 주요 원인은 과 호흡과 침 삼킴에 의해 주로 발생한다. 본 논문은 경추검사 시 비강호흡과 구강호흡 방식에 따라 영상에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 11월부터 12월까지 특별한 질환이 없는 건강한 지원자 12명을 대상으로 하였으며, 검사장비는 Achieva TX 3.0T (Philips medical system, Netherlands)의 Neuro Vascular 16channel coil을 사용 하였다. 실험방법으로 대상에게 비강호흡, 구강호흡을 설명한 후 정상체위에서 비강호흡 시 경추 3, 4번 부위를 T2-TSE-Axial과 T1-TSE-Axial로 획득하고 구강호흡 시 동일하게 T2-TSE-Axial과 T1-TSE-Axial을 획득하였다. 정량적 분석은 움직임 영향이 발생하는 위상부호화 방향(AP)에서 Background noise를 측정하였으며, 관심영역에 ROI의 Signal Intensity(SI)를 측정하여 Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR)을 측정하였다. 정성적 평가로는 MRI 전문방사선사 3명이 영상의 Motion artifact관련 영상의 질에 대해 5점 척도로 영상을 평가 하였다. 통계적 분석은 Wilcoxon signed rank test(SPSS 18.0)을 이용하여 유의성을 검증하였다. 결 과 : SNR은 비강호흡 시 T2-TSE-Axial 95.82±30.72, T1-TSE-Axial 111.77±34.47 이였고 구강호흡 시에는 T2-TSE-Axial이 69.12±19.98, T1-TSE-Axial 72.11±21.06 이였다. Motion artifact관련 정성적 평가 결과는 비강호흡 시 T2-TSE-Axial 3.65±0.6점, T1-TSE-Axial 3.82±0.4점이였고, 구강호흡 시에는 T2-TSE-Axial 2.44±0.5점, T1-TSE-Axial 2.51±0.7점이였다. 통계적 분석 결과 호흡 방식에 따른 T2-TSE-Axial, T1-TSE-Axial SNR 모두 P < 0.05로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결 론 : 본 연구는 건강한 호흡방식인 비강호흡이 구강호흡에 비해 침 삼킴이 적어 SNR의 향상과 영상의 Motion artifact가 감소됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 구강호흡이 습관화된 환자들의 경우 검사 전 구강호흡에 대한 주의를 주고 비강호흡으로 검사한다면 진단학적 가치가 높은 영상을 구현할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

목 적 : Cancer 환자 Thin Slice Thickness 검사는 병변 조직의 경계면을 찾는데 매우 유용하다. 이에 본 연구의 목적으로는 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks 검사를 본원에서 사용하고 있는 T1 SPIR Axial Single Stack 검사와 비교하여 Cancer 조직 Thin Slice Thickness 검사 시 유용한 검사인지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2014년 11월 1일부터 2015년 12월 1일까지 본원을 방문한 Cancer 환자 중 20명을 대상으로 하였고, 사용장비는 MR Systems Achieva Release 3,2,2,0(Philips Medical System)와 NV-16 Head Coil, Spine-15 Coil을 사용하였다. 검사 방법은 Gadolinium 조영제를 사용한 MR검사 프로토콜(FOV 220×150, TR 450ms, TE 10ms, Number of Slices 4, Thickness 2mm, Gap 2mm)중 동일한 Stack를 추가한 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks는 T1 SPIR Axial Single Stack(FOV 220×150, TR 450ms, TE 10ms, Number of Slices 8, Thickness 2mm, Gap 0mm)와 비교 측정하였고, T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks는 Ang. AP, RL, FH를 0°로 맞추었으며, 첫 번째 Stack의 Gap 2mm 위치에 두 번째 Stack의 Thickness 2mm를 위치시켜 Gap 0mm가 되도록 좌표를 조절하였다. 정량적 측정방법으로는 획득한 영상을 Cancer Lesion과 Normal Lesion으로 나누어 평균 SNR을 측정하였으며, 영상에서 Background ROI를 설정한 후 각 조직 신호강도의 표준편차(SD)로 산출하여 평균 CNR을 측정하였다. 정성적 측정방법은 각 영상을 영상의학과 판독 전문의 1명과 경력 10년 이상 방사선사 3명이 선예도, 대조도, 병변 조직의 경계면 선명도 등 3가지 항목을 평균점수로 나누어 평가하였다. 통계분석으로는 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 대응표본 T-test로 검증하였다(p<0.05). 결 과 : 정량적 측정결과 병변 조직의 경계면 SNR은 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks가 63.14, T1 SPIR Axial Single Stack 45.17 보다 17.97로 더 높게 측정되었으며, CNR 측정결과는 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks가 35.55, T1 SPIR Axial Single Stack 21.32 보다 14.23 더 높게 측정되었다. 정성적 측정결과 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks는 선예도 3.40, 대조도 3.32, 병변 조직의 경계면 선명도 3.45, T1 SPIR Axial Single Stack은 선예도 2.95, 대조도 3.12, 병변 조직의 경계면 선명도 2.97로 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks가 3가지 항목 모두에서 높은 점수로 평가되었다. 결 론 : T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks(Number of Slices 4×2 Stacks)를 이용한 Thin Slice Thickness 검사는 기존의 T1 SPIR Axial Single Stack(Number of Slices 8×1 Stack)과 비교 측정 시 Scan Time은 같았으며, 정량적 측정결과 평균 SNR과 CNR 모두 Cancer 병변 조직의 경계면을 명확히 나타내었다(p<0.05). 정성적 측정결과에서도 대조도와 선예도, 병변 조직의 경계면 선명도 등 3가지 평가항목에서 우수한 결과로 측정되었다. 제한사항으로는 Stack을 추가 시 Gap과 Thickness의 크기는 같아야 하며, Crosstalk Artifact가 발생되지 않도록 좌표 조절에 주의를 기울여야 한다는 점이 있었다. 혈관을 가지고 있는 Cancer 조직 확인을 위한 Thin Slice Thickness 검사 시 T1 SPIR Axial Double Stacks 검사는 Cancer 환자에 있어서 정확한 영상을 제공 할 것으로 사료된다.

This study amied to determine the effect of species and seed mixture on productivity, botanical composition and forage quality in middle mountainous region (Geosan) pasture. Total seven experimental pastures (T1 : Orchardgrass, T2 : Timothy, T3 : Tall fescue, T4 : Perennial ryegrass, T5 : Kentucky bluegrass, T6 : Timothy + Orchardgrass + Tall fescue + Alfalfa, T7 : Timothy + Orchardgrass + Kentucky bluegrass + White clover) were established in autumn, 2014 and evaluated for productivity and agronomic characteristics for 2015. Plant heigh was high in Orchardgrass and Perennial ryegrass pasture. Dry matter (DM) content was high in Kentucky bluegrass. Botanical composition in 1st harvest was high in shrub, but the grass composition was high in 2nd and 3rd harvest. Fresh and DM yield were higher in Orchardgrass and Perennial ryegrass (p<0.05); whreras, Kentucky bluegrass was the lowest. In seed mixture pasture, yields of T6 plot (Tall fescue) were higher than those of T7 (Kentucky bluegrass). Average CP (crude protein) content of 2nd and 3rd cutting time was 16.91 and 14.79%, respectively and Kentucky blue grass was the highest in 3rd cutting time by 17.57%. IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility) showed low in 1st cutting and Kentucky bluegrass was the lowest in every cutting time. TDN (total digestible nutrient) content was the highest in 3rd cutting and the lowest in 1st cutting. These results indicated that Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and T6 are recommendable for productivity and Timothy, Perennial ryegrass and T7 are recommendable for forage quality.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. 2MT ha－1 limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was 7,848 kg ha－1 in 2014 and 6,941 kg ha－1 in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control (5,742 kg ha－1 and 8,685 kg ha－1 in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effects of novel lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus penticeous KCC-23 (KCC-23) and Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-24 (KCC-24) on rye haylage fermentation at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea. The experiment contains three different groups such as control without lactic acid bacteria, rye haylage with KCC-23 and rye haylage KCC-24. After experimental periods, the content of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro digestibility (IVD) was similar in control and LAB treated haylage (p<0.05). The pH was reduced in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated rye haylage as compared to control (p<0.05). The lactic acid concentration in haylages was increased by L. plantarum KCC-23, and KCC-24 supplement. Whereas, the less amount of acetic acid and butyric acid was noted in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated haylage as compared with control (p<0.05). The KCC-23 and KCC-24 were dominantly grown in experimental haylage as compared with control. It indicates, the addition of KCC-23, and KCC-24 enhances fermentation quality of haylages as compared control. The present study suggests that KCC-23 and KCC-24 are potent strains that were improving the fermentation process in rye haylage

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 8th and 9th of 2015 after wintering of IRG were 8.8℃, 10.7 m/s and 12.4℃, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 12th, 13th, and 14th of 2015 were 4.1℃, 11.6 m/s, － 5.6℃, 10.3 m/s, and －4.7℃, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 26th, 27th, and 28th of 2015 were 1.8℃, 13.7 m/s, －3.5℃, 10.6 m/s, and 4.1℃, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. 3rd of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. 4th to Mar. 12th of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

본 연구는 2014 / 2015년 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 조사를 통하여 전국적인 작황을 파악함으로서 사료작물 생 육에 문제점이 있을시 근본 원인을 구명할 수 있는 기초자 료로 이용하거나 조사료의 연중 안정 생산, 공급에 도움을 주고자 수행하였다. 2015년도 전국 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육 상황은 전반적으로 저조하였는데, 월동률 분포에 따른 지역별 분포 상황을 살펴보면 월동률 80% 이상인 지 역이 66%, 월동률 79~50% 분포지역이 24.9%, 50%미만 지 역이 9.1%의 지역별 분포를 나타내어 전체적으로는 79%의 월동률을 나타냈다. 월동 후 월동률 및 피복률은 배수로가 설치된 논에서는 각각 83%와 80%로서 양호했으나 배수로 가 설치 안 된 습한 논에서는 각각 67%와 66%로 낮은 경 향을 나타냈다. 전국 동계작물 조사료 생산량은 강원, 충 북, 충남, 경남, 전남지역은 10~15%, 경기, 경북, 전북지역 은 약 30%의 수량감소가 예상되어 전국적으로 약 19%의 수량 감소가 예상되었다.