For nearly two years, virtual learning has been employed by most Korean university instructors and students in online teaching environment. A major negative result of prior research on this issue has been a feeling of isolation and desire for more interactions by students. Therefore, this study was conducted to elicit student insights and feelings related to their satisfaction, self-ratings, and advantages and disadvantages of online Teacher-led (TL) versus Student-led (SL) team activities in their online learning environment. A total of 53 freshman students in two general English classes took part in four Zoom group meetings. The surveys and reflection essay were analyzed through qualitative methods. Major findings included: students from both the TL and SL groups reported relatively higher satisfaction and self-ratings of English skills through the four team activities. However, the TL group indicated that there was a lack of emphasis on reading skills, and an overreliance on teacher interventions led to a lack of team cooperation. While the SL group reported that a lack of teacher interaction led to confusion, poor time management, increased Korean use, and fewer listening comprehension opportunities. Implications and a discussion of team activity use in general English programs are included.

Motivational orientation and creativity of students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing courses have recently garnered increased attention in South Korea and around the world. In an effort to advance research in these areas, this study examined relationships involving motivational orientation (intrinsic goal orientation and self-efficacy), creativity, and writing performance. A group of university EFL students (n = 41) in South Korea participated in this study. They were asked to complete questionnaires of intrinsic goal orientation and self-efficacy, take the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, and complete a series of writing tasks including a persuasive essay as part of their performance assessment of a writing class, which served as the context of this study. Results showed no significant relationship between motivational orientation and creativity. However, an interaction effect between intrinsic goal orientation and self-efficacy on student writing performance was found. Results are discussed and recommendations are made based on pedagogical implications of these findings.

The catch composition of commercially important species of the stationary lift net at Barangay Gines, Miagao, Iloilo, the Philippines was investigated from December 2013 to May 2014 during the different phases of the moon. A total of 486 kg of fish coming from 12 different genera, including mollusk and crustaceans, was caught and identified from the catch of the stationary lift net. Among the 12 genera identified from the catch of stationary lift net, anchovy (Stolephorus), sardines (Sardinella), squid (Loligo) and mysid shrimp (Acetes) were considered to be commercially important due to their value. Acetes catch was highest during the new moon in the month of January. Loligo catch was also high during the new moon except in the month of May. Stolephorus catch was also highest during the new moon except in the month of January. Sardinella catch was highest during the first quarter in the month of February. Full moon had the lowest catch all throughout the duration of the study while new moon had the highest catch during December 2013 to March 2014 and first quarter was the highest in the months of April and May.

The discontinuity movements of the Portland cement concrete (PCC) layer due to temperature fluctuations and traffic loading are primary causes of the reflection cracking in asphalt overlays. The thermal expansion and contraction of the discontinuities at the PCC layer induces tension at the bottom of the asphalt overlay layer creating excessive strains which causes cracking. The additional cyclic discontinuity movements from the thermal fluctuations and traffic loads propagates the cracks initiated until failure of the overlay layer. However, the crack behaviors of asphalt mixtures varies with temperature due to its viscoelastic property. As such, there is a need to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures with varying temperatures and loading conditions. A modified overlay tester developed to evaluate the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures in various loading directions and different confining temperatures was used to investigate the behavior of asphalt materials with various temperatures and loading conditions. The laboratory test was conducted in 2 segments. The first segment investigates the asphalt cracking behavior subjected to horizontal loading in 3 varying temperatures (10, 25 and 40C) which simulates the cyclic thermal contraction and expansion at the discontinuity. The second segment examines the cracking propagation of the asphalt mixture subjected to vertical loading in 3 varying temperatures. A load dissipation curve per loading cycle is generated in each test along with the images taken on the face of the specimen to monitor the crack propagation. Results have shown that asphalt mixtures undergo a 3-phase cracking behavior: initiation, propagation and failure. This is evident in the load dissipation curve when the initiation phase shows a rapid reduction of peak loads in first series of loading cycles which is followed by a slow and constant load reduction over a certain number of cycles. Failure occurs when there is a sudden decline in peak load and the percent reduction of the load is achieved. Figure 1 shows a fine dense grade asphalt mixture subjected to horizontal movement at 10C. Meanwhile, the load dissipation curve is further investigated by analyzing the images captured during testing. It can be seen that the first visible crack can be identified after 40 cycles which steadily propagates up to 600 cycles. However, between 600 and 700 loading cycles, there is a sudden dip in peak load which shows that at that the stage the crack has already propagated to the top of the test specimen as shown in Figure 2. Other tests have shown that the cracking patterns and load dissipation curves vary with different testing temperatures signifying that low temperature is more susceptible to early failure with constant differential movement. Further tests signify that using a general formula, parameters are calculated which refer to fracture properties of the material.

In a wide spectrum of pavement rehabilitation techniques, the application of thin asphalt overlay on existing concrete pavements have shown its ability to restore the functional capacity of the pavement system as well as maintain structural capacity. Although, prior researches stated that it does not add to the structural capacity of the existing pavement, the insulation generated by the asphalt overlay can affect the behavior of the discontinuities in the continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) system by reducing the magnitude of its movement. The investigation of crack movement behaviors of the CRCP in Chungbu Expressway was conducted in 2-phases: without overlay and with overlay. Crackmeters were installed at selected crack locations and measurements were collected. In the second phase of the investigation, crackmeters were installed at the concrete layer of the CRCP before a 2-inch asphalt overlay was applied. Results have shown that the crack movements under a thin asphalt overlay have reduced by 80% which indicates an effective insulation of the CRCP.

예이츠의 마스크 이론은 아일랜드의 역사의 중요한 순간, 즉, 1916년 봉 기가 있었던 해에 반대적 국가관이 뿌리를 내린다. 부활절 봉기는 그의 산문 친절하 고 고요한 달 에서 예이츠의 내적 상반의 필요성이 요구되는 역사적으로 부가적 맥락 으로 나타나게 하며, 부활절 봉기 당시에 그레고리 여사, 모드 곤, 그리고 다른 인사 들과의 서신교환은 그의 마스크 이론의 등장을 시험하고 강화시키는데 기여한다. 친 절하고 고요한 달 는 신비주의 이미지를 자주 언급하여 허버트 레빈이 말하는 신비주 의 용어 “집단의식” 즉 인간령 혹은 세계령이라는 것을 구상한다. 그러나 이 산문이 출간되는 해에, 예이츠의 내적 상반의 필요성의 문제가 그의 서신에 수사적으로 나타 나는데, 여기서 예이츠는 일련의 사건들과 관련자들을 만나면서 자신을 극복하고 그가 가졌던 고정 관념들이나 선입견을 초월하게 된다. 이런 의미에서, 집단의식은, 예이츠 에게는, 최종적이 아니라면 항상, 증명된 관점인 것이다.

국내 투수 콘크리트 포장을 시공할 시 발생하는 주요 문제점으로는 포장의 다짐도 만족과 다짐형식 및 방법에 의해 표면 공극 막힘 현상이 발생하는 현상을 꼽을 수 있다. 본 연구는 이에 투수성 콘크리트 포장 을 다짐할 시 다짐 에너지의 영향과 다짐 롤러 타입이 공극막힘에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 규명하고 그 에 따른 개선책을 제시하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 두 가지 실험을 진행하였다. 첫 번째, 하중 유도 진동 실험을 실시하여 동일한 크기의 하중을 재하하는 조건 하에 서로 다른 진동시간을 설정하여 다짐 에너지의 영향을 확인하였다. 두 번째, 실제 포장 슬래브를 모사하여 형식이 다른 다짐롤 러를 적용하여 표면 공극 막힘이나 압축강도, 마모저항성 그리고 투수계수를 측정하여 다짐에 의한 성능 변화를 비교하였다. 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 다짐 에너지가 증가할수록, 단위중량과 압축강도는 증가하나, 공극률과 투수 계수는 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 물 분사를 실시하면서 철제 표면을 가진 다짐롤러로 다짐을 진행하였 을 시에는 물/시멘트 비의 변화로 인하여 시멘트 페이스트가 발생하여 표면 공극 막힘 현상이 발생하였 다. 그러나 반면 롤러 표면을 오일로 코팅하였거나 고무 롤러를 적용하여 다짐을 실시한 경우, 슬래브 표 면 공극 막힘률이 기존 방법을 사용하였을 시보다 상당히 개선되었으며 시편의 압축강도와 마모저항성 및 투수 성능에 있어서도 더욱 높은 결과치를 나타내었다.

The bicycle road network in South Korea has increased from 4908 to 18281km between 2006 and 2013. Pervious concrete, as a typical bicycle pavement, allows rainwater to seep through the surface instead of running off. However, due to the low binder content and low water-cement ratio of pervious concrete, it is susceptible to durability problems such ravelling due to abrasion and freeze-thaw failure. This research aims to develop a pervious concrete mix which will obtain sufficient permeability, strength and durability. In this research, four types of mixtures were investigated with varying fine aggregate and admixture content. The physico-mechanical properties of the pervious concrete were investigated including strength, void ratio, permeability, abrasion and freezing-thawing durability of the concrete mixtures. Furthermore, time delay for placement was investigated. Results imply that the fine aggregate content increased the compressive strength of the pervious concrete while its permeability performance is reduced but within the allowable limit. The mixture with fine aggregate has higher freezing-thawing durability and abrasion resistance. The preliminary results of the effects of time delay to the performance of concrete show a deterioration in the compaction capability of the pervious concrete.

In this paper we explore competition as a firm process, rather than as a background economic variable. We contribute by refining firm competition as a process of goal seeking within a context of many actors. First we consider past research on structural and socially constructed competition. We develop a research framework inside relational time, based on the priority of a firm’s line of action, the direction of a firm’s activities, whether primarily towards the customer or first focusing on the activities of another firm. We explore the theoretical distinctions between non-competitive, competitive and rivalry firm activity through an analysis of exporters and importers of fine wine to Denmark from South Australia. We distinguish firm competition from other more complex interactions in a network context. We conclude with managerial implications and the opportunities for future research. The concept of competition in the business-to-business literature shifts meaning depending on the context. The meaning seems to extend along a continuum from rivalry (Porac, Thomas, Wilson, Paton & Kanfer 1995) to coopetition (Bengtsson & Kock 2000). According to McNulty (1968, 639) “There is probably no concept in all of economics that is at once more fundamental and pervasive, yet less satisfactorily developed, than the concept of competition.” In the business-to-business literature competition is defined as structural, where firms seek the same customer or goal (Macdonald & Ryall 2004), or competition is regarded as socially constructed (Porac et al. 1995). Competition is also considered as an interaction process undertaken over time between firms (cf Easton & Araujo 1994; Turnbull, Ford & Cunningham 1996). We pursue only an understanding of the competition process based on a single firm’s activities. Our approach is to focus on this simple form and develop a process based framework to understand competition. We see this as a single step, the first advance towards a framework for analyzing cooperation and competition together (Jarillo 1988).

Advanced melting technology is now being employed in the manufacture of stainless steel powders. The new process currently includes electric arc furnace (EAF) technology in concert with Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD), High Performance Atomizing (HPA) and hydrogen annealing. The new high performance-processing route has allowed the more consistent production of existing products, and has allowed enhanced properties, such as improved green strength and green density. This paper will review these processing changes along with the potential new products that are being developed utilizing this technology. These include high strength stainless steels such as duplex and dual phase as well as stainless steel powders used in high temperature applications such as diesel filters and fuel cells.