Membrane separation is extensively used for water/wastewater treatment because of its efficiency separation processes. However, particles in the feed water can deposit and accumulate on the membrane surface to created cake layer. As a consequence, the selectivity of the membrane and flux through the membrane are decreased, which is called fouling/blocking phenomenon. In order to solve fouling problem, we developed a novel membrane named Carbon Whisker Membrane (CWM) which contains vapor-grown carbon fibers/whiskers on the surface of the membrane and a layer of carbon film coated on the ceramic substrate. We firstly employed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a testing material to investigate the fouling mechanism. The results suggested that Carbon Whiskers on the surface of the membrane can prevent the directly contact between the membrane body and particles so that the fouling/blocking could not occurred easily compared to the membrane without carbon whiskers. We also researched the relationship with the diameter, density of carbon whisker on the membrane surface and total flux of solutions. Finally, we will be able to control the diameter and density of carbon whiskers on the membrane and existence of carbon whiskers on the membrane, it is important factor, might be prevent fouling/blocking in the water treatment.

Leaf chlorophyll-deficient mutants controlled by y9 locus have been observed frequently and are useful in genetic stud-y9 locus. A mapping population con-sisting of 94 F2 progeny was derived from a cross between normal green leaf Clark (Y9 ) and chlorophy

This experiment was performed on three parts with prepared coagulants. (1) The characterization of coagulation for PACl coagulants. (2) Comparison of the characterization of coagulation with PAS and PACl coagulants. And (3) Comparison of the characterization of coagulation for the addition of calcium with PACl. Coagulation experiments were conducted with several dosages and pH for each coagulants. For the characterization of coagulation with PACl coagulants, coagulation of Nakdong river waters with three PACls (r=2.0, 2.2, 2.35) showed that the effectiveness of the three coagulants can be considered as r=2.2 > 2.0 > 2.35 which are also the order of higher polymeric aluminum contents. For the comparison of the characterization of coagulation for PAS and PACl coagulants, PAS (r=0.75) coagulants was more effective than other coagulant for the removal of organic matters by sweep floc mechanism with Al(OH)3(s). For comparison of the characterization of coagulation for the addition of calcium with PACl, the presence of divalent cation like Ca2+ was supposed to influence the complex formation of organic anions. From the result of test on coagulation at various pH ranges, the PACl was least affected by the coagulation pH, and the addition of calcium to PACl was very effective for the removal of turbidity and organic materials over broader pH range (pH 4-9).

This research explored the feasibility of preparing and utilizing a preformed polymeric solution of Al(Ⅲ) for coagulation in water treatment. Slow base(NaOH) injection into supersaturated aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate solutions did produce high yields of Al polymers useful to water treatment applications. The method of characterization analysis was based on timed spectrophotometer with ferron as a color developing reagent. The hydrolytic Al species were divided into monomeric(Ala), polymeric(Alb), and precipitate(Alc) from the difference in reaction kinetics. The analysis of PACㅣ's characteristics showed that the quantity of polymeric Al produced at value of r(OHadded/Al) = 2.2 was 83% of the total aluminum in solution, as showing maximum contents and precipitated Al was dramatically increased when r was increased above 2.35. In addition, the characteristics of polyaluminum sulfate (PAS) showed that polymeric Al contained at r = 0.75 was 18% of the total aluminum in solution. The synthesized PACl and PAS were stable during storing period, as indicating negligible aging effect. The effect of sulfate ion on PACl was dependent on the concentration of sulfate ion. That is, polymeric species decrease and precipitate species increase as sulfate ion concentration increased. It can be concluded that the sulfate cause the formation of Al(OH)3(s) at low pH. However, The effect of calcium ion was negligible for distribution of Al species.