In this study, antibody responses after vaccination against equine influenza were investigated among 1,591 horses in the Republic of Korea using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Equine influenza has not occurred since 2011 and a commercial vaccine against H3N8 has been used. The equine influenza virus, A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8), was used as the antigen in the HI assay. The mean seropositive rate was 90.5% in 2019. Except for stallion whose seropositive rate was 78.5%, all seropositive rates of other horse types were over 90%. Regionally, except for Gangwon-do and Jeju-do whose seropositive rates were 89.0% and 87.1%, all seropositive rates in other provinces were over 90%. In the future, more through vaccination against equine influenza needs to be done based on this investigation result.

The techniques of IVM, IVF and IVC of canine oocytes may provide useful information for gamete salvage programs and the conservation of endangered canidae. This investigation has been made to determine the efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) as a basic experiment to study the development of canine oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The rate of oocytes developing to the MII stage was higher in the hormone treated group (10 IU/ml hCG+eCG, 14.7%, p<0.05) than in the control group (0 IU/ml hCG+eCG, 10.0%). The monospermy and pronuclear rates of canine oocytes were investigated after caffeine treatment on IVF. Canine oocytes were fertilized in the Fert‐TALP medium supplemented with 0, 10, 20 or 30 mM caffeine (Fert I, Fert II, Fert III or Fert IV, respectively). The highest pronuclear formation rate was obtained in the Fert I for 24 h IVF (6.7%, 6/89). Therefore, it is believed that unlike in other mammals, caffeine in canine IVF does not increase the efficiency of fertilization rate, and is not an important factor.

This paper provides a way for the expletive there to associate directly with its indefmite DP via Agree between their Sc` -features in narrow-syntactic derivation. It is claimed that in English, External Merge of there with _u[person] and _u[Case] features need to be allowed in the Spec of a weak v, where no θ-role is assigned to there and the there-argument link can be established by assuming that the _u[person] feature of there is valued via Agree with the φ-set of the associate DP. It is assumed that there and an indefinite DP are selected as a pair in the Sub-Lexical Array. A single θ-role and a unique Case value may thus be given to them. The single θ-role will be saturated as they merge into the weak vP and the unique Case value will be given to them via Multiple Agree with a higher T or v during the derivation. These are based on the assumption that Multiple Agree takes place sequentially, but not simultaneously, contra Chomsky (2001). Sequential application of Multiple Agree may contribute to rendering the computation purely derivational and remove the distinction of Multiple Agree from Agree.