Over a million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) are generated as by-products of mushroom cultivation every year in Korea. Disposal of SMS by mushroom farmers is difficult, therefore, recycling solutions that do not harm the environment are necessary. SMS consists of mushroom mycelia and residues of fruiting bodies, containing a variety of bioactive substances, such as extracellular enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, and secondary metabolites. This paper reviews utility of SMS for bioremediation, controlling plant disease, and production of lignocellulytic enzymes, organic fertilizer, and animal feed.

참나무 단목원목으로 재배한 P. linteus KACC93057P (PLHS)2년산 자실체 60%에탄올 추출물의 총 페놀함량은 19.05±0.32 mg GAE/g로 다른 비교구 버섯 종에 비하여 4배에서 10배이상의 높게 나타났다. 125 μg/mL농도에서 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 62%와 100%를 나타냈으며 FRAP 환원력은 0.7μMFeSO4/g 으로 비교 구 버섯종 보다 2에서 10배이상의 유효활성이 검출 되었다. PLHS 자실체 ethyl acetate분배 추출물의 HPLC분석에서 styrylpyrone 계열의 화합물 davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B와 phenylpropanoid 계열의 화합물인 caffeic acid가 동정 되었다.

This study aims to investigate the antifungal and protective effects of water- and 70% methyl alcohol-extracts from spent mushroom substrate (WESMS and MeOHSMS) of Lentinula edodes, on Botrytis cinerea- the causative agent for gray mold disease in ginseng. MeOHSMS inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, by 75% and 95%, respectively. MeOHSMS could suppress gray mold disease of ginseng seedlings by 80% and effectively reduce the disease severity by 60%. Compared to the treatment of ginseng leaves with WESMS and DL-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), the MeOHSMS treatment increased the phenolic compounds in the leaves by 36% and 18%, respectively. These results suggest that the SMS extracts suppress gray mold disease in ginseng via dual functions: antifungal activity and increase in a plant defense factor— phenolic compounds.

노루궁뎅이버섯의 국내 야생수집 18 균주와 재배종 ‘노루1호’, ‘노루2호’ 품종의 PDA배지에서 균사체 배양적 특성은 갈색색소생산, 기중균사형, 분지균사형으로 분류되었으며 KFRI 509, KFRI 1091, KFRI 1093, KFRI 1623의 균사생장율이 ‘노루1호’, ‘노루2호’보다 20% 이상 높았다. Ethanol 60%추출물이 페놀함량과 DPPH와 ABTS라디칼 소거능이 농도 의존적으로 가장 높았다. 노루궁뎅이버섯 수집 균주의 항산화활성은 KFRI 507, KFRI 508, KFRI 842, KFRI 1623균주가 재배종 ‘노루1호’, ‘노루2호’와 비교하여 DPPH라디칼 소거능은 농도 의존적으로 10%에서 40% 이상 높았으며 ABTS라디칼 소거능은 추출물 0.125 mg/ml를 기준으로 ‘노루1호’, ‘노루2호’보다 30%에서 60% 이상 높은 활성을 보였다.

This study aimed to investigate antioxidant activity of various extracts from fruiting bodies and mycelia of two Phellinus linteus strains and P. baumii. The Phellinus strains have cultivated on oak and mulberry logs. The fruiting bodies species were harvested from each Phellinus strain and used in this study. The tested items include: 2, 2’-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), free radical scavenging assay and determination of total phenolics contents (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activities. Different extractions with 60% Ethyl alcohol, 70% methyl alcohol and heat water were done on the mycellial and fruiting bodies samples of the mushroom species. The methyl alcohol extraction from fruiting body of P. linteus KACC93057P displayed the highest antioxidant activity on ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays. The ethyl acetate fraction was concentrated and subjected to an ODS column chromatography, followed by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Finally six compounds 1-6 were detected by preparative reversed-phase HPLC.

Morphological and culture characteristics of the novel Phellinus linteus variant KACC93057P collected in Korea were characterized in this study. The surface of the wasangular, sessile, tough-woody, concentrically zonate, and dark brown in color. Basidiocarppores were circular, with 5–7 pores per mm. The hyphal system was dimitic, and basidiospores were ellipsoid or oval, 4.5–6 × 4–5, exhibiting characteristics typical of P. linteus. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25–30oC, and optimal pH for growth was 5–7. The mycelial growth rate of P. linteus KACC93057P was faster than that of other P. baumii isolates. On growth medium, KACC93057P formed aerial mycelia with density higher than that of other isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-ribosomal DNA sequences were closely related to the sequences P. linteus complex.

Basidiomycetous fungi are one of the most potent biodegraders because many of its species grow on dead wood or litter, in environments rich in lignocellulose. For the degradation of lignocellulose, basidiomycetes utilize their lignocellulytic enzymes, which typically include laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), and cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4). In recent years, the practical applications of basidiomycetes have ranged from the textile to the pulp and paper industries, and from food applications to bioremediation processes and industrial enzymatic saccharification of biomass. Recently, spent mushroom substrates of edible mushrooms have been used as sources of bulk enzymes to decolorize synthetic dyes in textile wastewater. In this review, the occurrence, mode of action, general properties, and production of lignocellulytic enzymes from mushroom species will be discussed. We will also discuss the potential applications of these enzymes

Twenty Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to assess genetic diversity of 64 Agaricus strainsincluding 45 A. bisporus strains and other 19 Agaricus spp. ISSR primers, (GA)T, (AG)YC, (GA)C and (CTC) amplified PCRpolymorphic bands between the Agaricus species or within A. bisporus strains. PCR polymorphic bands were inputted forUPGMA cluster analysis. The varieties, Saea, Saedo, Saejeong and Saeyeon that have recently been developed in Korea wereinvolved in the same group with closely genetic relationship of coefficient similarity over 0.92, whereas, other Korean strains weregenetically related to A. bisporus strains that were introduced from USA, Eroupe and Chinese. Furthermore, ISSR-PCRpolymorphism could potentially be used to identify homokaryon isolates.

Twenty Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 30 SSR primers were used to assess genetic diversity of 64 Agaricus strains including 45 A. bisporus strains and other 19 Agaricus spp. Of them, four ISSR primers, (GA)₈T, (AG)₈YC, (GA)₈C and (CTC)₆and seven SSR markers produced PCR polymorphic bands between the Agaricus species or within A. bisporus strains. PCR polymorphic bands were inputted for UPGMA cluster analysis. Forty five strains of A. bisporus are genetically clustered into 6 groups, showing coefficient similarity from 0.75 to 0.9 among them. The varieties, Saea, saedo, Saejeong and Saeyeon that have recently been developed in Korea were involved in the same group with closely genetic relationship of coefficient similarity over 0.96, whereas, other strains were genetically related to A. bisporus strains that were introduced from USA, Eroupe and Chinese.

Allium is one of the largest genera, which has more than 700 species. PCR by URP (universal rice primer) primers was carried out to get phylogenetic information on 26 species, 62 accessions of subgenus Rhizirideum. The accessions were divided into seven groups at 0.76 similarity level. A. tuberosum (Chinese chives) and A. ramosum represented high similarity of 0.91. A. montanum, A. nutans, A. senescens, A. libani, A. odorum, A. austrosibiricum, and A. narcissiflorium grouped at 0.80 similarity. Some of the wild species, such as A. prostratum, A. polyrhizum, A. odorum, and A. mongolicum, showed different band patterns according to polyploidy, occurrence of B-chromosome, collection site, and origin.

A cDNA Fragment encoding iron storage protrin generated by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) using highly conserved regions of ferritin related genes were used to sereen a red pepper cDNA library. cDNA clone was designated as Fp1. Fp1 clone contatines a 5' nontranslated region of 51dp containing stop conds. Down stream from 5' UTP. an open reading frame of 750bp was observed. followed by a 3' UTR of 272bp. The deduces amino acid sequence of red pepper protein(Fp1) showed 84%, 48% and 36% identity with soybean(SolC). human(HuL H) and horse spleen(HoS-L) ferritin mRNA accumulation in response to iron. Ferritin mRNA accumulation was transient and particularly abundant in leaves. reaching a maxmum at 12h. The level of ferritin mRNA in roots was affected to a lesser extent than in leaves.