일반 시설재배지는 겨울을 포함한 저온 시기에 외부의 온도 변화에 영향을 가능한 적게 받기 위한 형태였다면, 최근에는 환경제어기술이 발달하면서 온도, 습도, CO₂, 광량 등을 제어할 수 있는‘스마트팜(Smart-farm)’이 농가에 보급되고 있다. 한편, 토마토 시설재배지에서 많이 발생하는 대표적인 미소해충인 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리는 유묘나 창문과 출입문의 개폐과정 중에 유입되어 피해를 입히는 것으로 알려져 있다. 스마트팜 내의 해충 발생밀도는 시설재배지 내부의 미소환경에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 미소환경의 패턴을 조사하면 좀 더 정확한 해충 발생예찰이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 지역에 위치한 4개의 스마트팜에서 온도와 습도, 그리고 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리의 해충밀도를 황색 끈끈이 트랩을 이용하여 1주일 간격으로 조사하여 스마트팜 내의 환경변화에 따른 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리의 수평적, 수직적 밀도분포를 분석하였다.

토마토는 어느 정도 높은 온습도에서 잘 자라기 때문에 주로 비닐하우스에서 재배되어왔다. 최근에는 정보통신기술 (ICT)의 발달로 온도, 습도, CO₂등의 환경요소를 원격으로 조절하여 힘과 시간을 덜 소모하고도 작물의 생육환경을 편리하게 관리할 수 있는 스마트팜(Smart farm)이 늘어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 토마토 비닐하우스 및 스마트팜에서의 위치별 온․습도와 토마토의 주요 해충인 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리의 발생량 및 시설 내 발생분포를 조사하였다. 조사결과, 시설재배지 내의 위치에 따라 온․습도 및 해충 발생량에 차이가 나타났으며, 작은뿌리파리의 경우 시설의 가장자리 및 낮은 위치에서, 담배가루이는 시설의 중앙부 및 높은 위치에서 밀도가 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다.

Harmonia axyridis have become extremely popular through their extensive elytra and spot variation for many years. However, phenotypic polymorphism and striking visual phenotypes are not yet to be extensively studied. With growing attention to polymorphism of H. axyridis, it is imperative to study involved in genomic research in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the diversity of elytra variation. To figure out suitable approach for analyzing genes of H. axyidis, we assessed RNAi as a tool for functional analysis. In order to demonstrate the utility of RNAi technique on H. axyridis, we conducted cDNA library screening to affirm silencing effect. We choose random genes from cDNA clones and the random genes were synthesized into dsRNA. After the injection of dsRNA into last instar larvae, we observed morphological defects or deaths. To investigate the effectiveness of knockdown in H. axyridis, we performed quantitative real time PCR on H. axyridis that appears the most distinctive features. These results provide that RNAi is highly applicable in H. axyridis and it will be useful for the gene functional analysis.

꽈리허리노린재는 가지과 및 메꽃과 기주에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 꽈리허리노린재는 실내의 25℃ 조건에서 1세대는 평균 76일정도 소요 되며, 성충으로 월동하기 때문에 수명이 길고, 일정한 주기 없이 알을 덩어리로 산란한다. 주로 잎 뒷면에 산란하며, 암컷 한 마리당 평균 195개, 최대 468개까지 산란하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 온도가 높아질수록 부화율은 높아지며, 발육기간은 짧아졌지만, 25℃를 제외한 다른 온도에서는 탈피율이 30%이하를 나타냈다. 위 결과를 토대로 선형모델로 추정한 결과 발육영점온도는 13.9℃, 유효적산온도는 526.3DD를 나타냈다. 고추재배지에서월동 성충이 6월 말 평균기온 25.7℃에서 나타나기 시작하여, 9월초에 가장 높은 밀도를 나타내었다. 부화한 개체들은 성충이 될 때까지 이동성이 적었으며 밀집하여 분포하였다. 집단을 형성하는 요인을 알아보고자 Net cage와 Y-tube olfactometer를 이용한 행동실험 결과, 암컷은 수컷과 암컷이 모두 있는 곳을 선택하였지만, 수컷은 암컷과 수컷이 모두 없는 곳을 선택하였다. 수컷이 새로운 기주를 찾아 정착하면, 암컷은 기주를 독점한 동종이 많이 있는 기주를 찾아가는 교미와 관련된 행동을 나타냈으며, 통신화합물의 영향은 알 수 없었다. 집단이 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과 꽈리허리노린재는 좁은 공간에서 집단으로 사육시 약충의 발육기간이 길고 우화율이 높아지는 반면, 개체 사육시 발육기간이 짧고, 우화율이 낮게 나타났다. 반면에 넓은 공간에서는 집단으로 사육 시 약충의 발육기간은 짧고 우화율은 낮게 나타났다.

갈색날개매미충의 방제전략을 확대하기 위하여 박하유에 대한 기피 효과를 살펴보았다. 23종의 방향유를 Y-tube olfactometer를 이용하여 후각 검정을 실시한 결과, 박하유(peppermint oil)와 lemongrass oil을 제외한 21종의 방향유는 갈색날개매미충에 대하여 기피반응이 나타나지 않았다. 단지 박하유만이 80% 이상의 기피효과가 관찰되었다. 박하유의 처리량에 따른 기피반응을 조사한 결과, 갈색날개매미충은 0.1, 0.5, 1 ㎕ 처리시 기피율이 점차 높아졌으며, 10 ㎕(76.47%) 처리량에서 높은 기피효과를 보였다. 박하유에는 1,8-cineole(4.7%), menthone(23.9%), iso-menthyl acetate(8.0%), menthol(53.7%) 등이 함유되어 있었다. 이들의 주요 성분함량을 혼합하여 Y-tube olfactometer를 이용하여 후각 검정한 결과, 5 ㎕ 처리시 76.2%의 높은 기피율을 보였다. 박하유는 야외에서 갈색날개매미충의 기피 및 산란 기피효과를 보였으나 단시간에만 활성이 강한 점과 약해의 가능성을 보아 제형 개발의 필요성이 대두된다.

Pyrifluquinazon, as a quinazinalone chemical group, based on a new mode of biological activity. It is reported that mode of action is modifies insect behavior, rapidly stopping feeding such that insects starve to death. Time-release feature and mortality effect on M. persicae using different pyrifluquinazon nano type and non-nano type were compared. Pyrifluquinazon nano type was formulated with different molecular weight and density of used chitosan (CS 30000 0.1% and CS 3000 0.3%). In the CS 30,000 0.1%, the mortality was weakly occurred at early time, but steadily increased after 4days. Finally, we confirmed more than 70% mortality as a peak at 16days. In CS 3000 0.3%, the mortality showed about 70% until 18days as a effective controlled release. Also, We examine time-release feature and mortality effect on M. persicae according to the different pyrifluquinazon nano type(CS 30000 0.1% and CS 3000 0.3%) of concentrations. The CS 30000 0.1% bioassay results of different concentration were showed that the highest concentration(100ppm) was measured better mortality than other concentration at 0 day, but cannot confirm different effect about dissimilar concentration. However, increasing rates of M. persicae were low as treatment concentrate was high. In CS 3000 0.3% 100ppm concentration bioassay result, aphid mortality reached peak at 24 days and increasing rate also low. Additionally, for the comparing of bioassay and feeding behavior of M. persicae against pyrifluquinazon nano types and non-nano type, EPG technique was carried out. In case of non nano type, feeding inhibition efficacy was showed during 4 days after treatment, but appeared similar level with control after 10days. In CS 3000 0.3% 50ppm, residual efficacy was specially showed until 28days after treatment whereas treatments with CS 30000 0.1% were similar to the control after 22days. These result show that the change of feedinng behavior and motrality of M. persicae is correlated with the change of nano type or non nano type of pyrifluquinazon.

Several species of the genus Aphidius are used in biological control programs against aphid pests throughout the world and their behavior and physiology are well studied. But despite knowing the importance of sensory organs in their behavior, their antennal structure is largely unknown. In this study, the external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla on the antennal of both female and male adults of A. colemani were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally, the filaform antennae of males (1,515.20±116.48 ㎛) are longer than females (1,275.06±116.42㎛). Antennae of this species is made up of scape, pedicel and flagellomeres. Male and female antennae differed in the total number of flagellomeres as 15 in males and 13 in females. Female and male antennae of A. colemani has samely seven types of sensilla. We classified sensilla placodea, Bohm bristles, 2 types of sensilla coeloconica, , 2 types of sensilla basiconica as with a tip pore and with wall pores, sensilla trichodea. In addition, the possible functions of the above sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature; mechanoreception(Bohm bristles, sensilla coeloconicaⅡ and sensilla trichodea) and chemoreception(sensilla coeloconicaⅠ, sensilla basiconicaⅠ,Ⅱ and sensilla placodea). Future studies on the functional morphology of the antennal sensilla of A. colemani using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electrophysiological recordings will likely confirm the functions of the different sensilla identified in this study.

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, is a generalist predator of aphids also, shows a high level of phenotype polymorphism in color pattern of elytra. Although, it is not sure about genetic information of color polymorphism, it has been confirmed that this phenomenon comes from their genetic traits. The color of H. axyridis elytra is mainly composed of black and red pigment. Phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in many insect physiological functions, i.e. sclerotization and pigmentation of cuticle and melanization of parasites. Following activation, PO catalyses the hydroxylation of tyrosine and subsequent oxidation of phenolic substance into quinines, which are further converted to melanin. However, the molecular bases of H. axyridis color pattern formation are almost unknown but it may be that the different pro-POs have different expression. In this study, total RNA samples from four each color pattern individuals, for example, succinea 1, succinea 2, conspicua and spectabilis was extracted. A cDNA enconding pro-PO was molecular cloned from each color pattern of H. axyridis and its putative amino acid sequence shared homology with pro-PO of other insects. We are pursuing to elucidate that their pro-PO sequence will be similar with those other insect PPO sequence. There are also regions of high sequence similarity, including putative activation site and two copper binding sites.

To identify DNA markers linked to a elytra polymorphism, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed on DNA samples from four each colour pattern individuals (2 females and males), for example, succinea 1, succinea 2, conspicua, and spectabilis. As a result of performing AFLP analysis with the restriction endonuclease combination EcoRⅠ and Mse I, total of 2,269 AFLP fragments which were specific to succinea, conspicua and spectabilis was identified using 24 different AFLP primer combinations. Among these 2,269 fragments, 16 bands which were the most specific to one color patterns were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Subsequent UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that population of H. axyridis was divided four major group and these genetic tree showed that H. axyridis elytra colour diversity was affected by genetic polymorphism. It is considered that these genetic analyses may be facilitated the understanding of molecular genetic mechanism related with the wing colour pattern formation in this species.