We developed an Al sputtering process by varying the plasma power, process temperature, and film thickness. We observed an increase of hillock distribution and average diameter with increasing plasma power, process temperature, and film thickness. Since the roughness of a film increases with the increase of the distribution and average size of hillocks, the control of hillock formation is a key factor in the reduction of Al corrosion. We observed the lowest hillock formation at 30 W and 100 oC. This growth characteristic of sputtered Al thin films will be useful for the reduction of Al corrosion in the future of the electronic packaging field.

This paper describes study of the converter topologies for a low-cost, high-efficiency switched reluctance motor(hereafter abbreviated as SRM) drive. The considered converter employs two-switch split AC supply configuration. The converter preserves a single switch per phase as well as a single phase-leg rectifier circuit realizing the fewest component count to achieve a highly cost effective solution for two-phase SRM drive. Comparative study between the considered converter and other converters are provided. Analysis of the modes of operation and mathematical modeling are also provided. Analysis and simulation results are provided to validate the converter. The considered split AC converter can be a strong candidate for low-cost applications such as power tools, fans, and small appliances where both cost and efficiency are most valued.

Long-term shipping contracts represent the cooperative and coexisting relationships between the shipping and steel industries. Yet, differences between the contract forms for iron ore and steel products have emerged. Specifically, the large proportion of consecutive voyage charters (CVC) is being applied in the iron ore trade, whereas the contract of affreightment (COA) is proportionally higher for shipping steel products. The literature review and in-depth interviews in this study identified through the research model, the characteristics of the shipping and market structure in both markets have significantly contributed to the preference of different long-term contracts. It has been determined that the mutual oligopoly market structure and the characteristics of shipping such as, the small number of suitable vessels in the market, the single fixed load/discharge ports, the long-distance voyages, and the potential risks for fatal accidents because of cargo liquefaction, for the iron ore trade, provide higher contribution to the preference of CVC contracts. In contrast, the consignor oligopoly market structure and the shipping characteristics, such as the greater number of suitable vessels available in the market, the variation in ports, the cargo quantity per shipment, the various load/discharge ports, and the need for experienced carriers for steel product loading in the steel product trade has shown higher preference on the COA contracts as the consignors with superiority over the shipowners, resulting in favorable contract types and conditions for the consignors.