This study was conducted to examine the antioxidative effect and nitrite scavenging ability of extract from Acanthopanax cortex shoot. The total phenolic compound and flavonoids contents of extract from Acanthopanax corex shoot were 116.33±6.09 ㎎ GAE/g and 65.07±4.10 ㎎ RE/g, respectively. Antioxidative activities were measured by various in vitro models such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP, reducing power, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ORAC assay. This results showed that the extract of Acanthopanax cortex shoot was effective in scavenging radicals and protecting oxidation when assessed various in vitro systems. Similarly, the nitrite scavenging ability of extract was increased in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, ORAC value at a concentration of 0.1 ㎎/㎖ was 103.4±5.6μM TE/g. Considering high consumer demand beneficial health effects, Acanthopanax cortex shoot can be utilized to develop functional food health-promoting and natural antioxidant agents.

This study was conducted to develop radish as a food product for home meal replacement using superheated steam (SHS). Also, the change of quality characteristics was studied during their storage. The radish cuts were treated with SHS for 0, 3, 5, and 7 min, respectively, followed by complete drying at 80℃ for 6 hours. The results showed that radishes restored with mixed solution (drinking water:sugar:vinegar:salt=2:1:0.8:0.1) were harder than those restored with drinking water. All radishes were stored at 5, 10 and 15℃ for 56 days to investigate the changes of quality characteristics during the storage. Radishes in the control group, restored with drinking water and stored at 15℃, were spoiled after 7 days of storage. The radish in the experimental group did not show any change in the water content; except an increase on the first day of storage. The hardness of radish decreased with an increase in the storage period. It was found that microbial growth was inhibited due to low pH of the mixed solution, in which radishes of the experimental group were immerse.

신선 농산물의 비가열 살균에 사용되는 살균소독제는 처리시간과 살균소독제의 농도에 비선형적인 감균효과를 나타낸다. 따라서 실제 사용에 있어서는 적정 농도와 적정시간에 대한 고려가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 희석염산(6%, v/v)을 원료로 생성한 미산성 차아염소산수(slightly acidic electrolzyed water, SlAEW)(20±1℃에서의 유효염소 30 ppm, ORP 562±23 mV, pH 6.4)로 4종의 채소류(상추, 깻잎, 치콘 및 케일)에 대한 미생물 저감 특성을 분석하여 비가열 살균공정설계에 필요한 살균효과를 평가하였다. SlAEW에 30분간 3회 침지하면서 핵심인자인 유효염소와 미생물군수 및 잔류 미생물군수와의 관계를 분석하였다. 대부분의 총균수 감소는 1차 침지 초기 10분간 이루어졌으며 4종의 채소류에 생존하는 3 log CFU/g의 총균수가 침지를 통해 감소시킬 수 있는 한계값으로 판단되었다. 또한 SlAEW에 10분간 침지함으로써 감소시킬 수 있는 균수는 평균적으로 약 2 log CFU/g이었다. 초기 10분후의 감소된 유효염소는 상추, 깻잎, 치콘 및 케일에 대해 각각 2.2 ppm, 2.0 ppm, 1.7 ppm 및 2.5 ppm이었고 감소된 유효염소량의 약 50-80%가 초기 10분내에 감소되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethylene-absorbent on the qualities of Prunus mume fruit. Prunus mume fruits were stored without film packaging (Cont), packed in LDPE film (Cont-P), and packed with ethylene-absorbent (Cont-PE). Fruits were treated with 1-MCP (1 ppm) for 24 hr at 1℃. After treatment, fruits were packed in LDPE film (MCP-P) and with ethylene-absorbent (MCP-PE) and then stored at 1℃ for 8 weeks. Total soluble solids increased during storage but decreased after 6 weeks while total acidity decreased during storage. Cont was almost completely decayed after 8 weeks of storage while Cont-P, Cont-PE, MCP-PE, and MCP-P were 46, 69, 83, and 5% decayed, respectively. L value decreased but a value increased during storage in all samples. Firmness of peel and flesh of samples decreased gradually for 8 weeks. Respiration rate did not show any significant difference among samples. Ethylene production of Cont showed 0.05 μL/kg/h but immediately after 1-MCP treatment, it showed 0.02 μL/kg/h. Oxalic and malic acids decreased while citric acid increased during storage; fructose and glucose substantially decreased after 8 weeks whereas sorbitol and sucrose increased upto 4 weeks and then decreased thereafter. Based on these results, packing the fruits treated with 1-MCP could extend the freshness of Prunus mume fruit.

본 연구는 국내산 및 중국산 단메밀과 쓴메밀의 일반성 분, 아미노산 조성, 지방산 조성과 루틴 함량을 분석하였다. 다양한 메밀의 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분, 탄수화물의 함량은 각각 8.78~13.37, 11.00~12.11, 2.87~3.18, 1.80~2.58, 70.2~73.8%로 분석되었다. 국내산 및 중국산 메밀의 주요 아미노산은 aspartic acid(1,105.1~1,403.5mg%), glutamine (2,250.9~2,996.1 mg%), arginine(932.5~1,388.6 mg%)로 분 석되었으며, K(423.7~569.4 mg%), Mg(181.8~255.9 mg%), P(328.6~555.0 mg%)가 주요 미네랄로 분석되었다. 한편, 지방산 조성은 포화지방산인 palmitic acid(14.2~16.1%)와 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid(37.0~40.8%), linoleic acid (31.7~38.6%)가 주요 지방산으로 분석되었다. 또한, 국내산 및 중국산 메밀의 주요 phenolic compound는 루틴으로 분석 되었으며, 쓴메밀(261.0~265.0 mg/g)이 단메밀(4.39~5.68 mg/g)보다 높은 함량을 보였다. 본 연구를 종합하면, 국내산 단메밀은 중국산 단메밀과 비교하여 영양성분은 크게 차이 를 보이지 않았으나, 메밀의 주요 활성성분인 루틴은 약간 높게 함유되어 있었다. 또한 국내산 쓴메밀은 중국산 쓴메 밀에 비하여 Ca, Fe 함량이 높았으며, 루틴 역시 약간 높은 함유량을 보였다. 따라서, 메밀에서 주요 활성성분으로 제 시되고 있는 루틴의 함량이 중국산 메밀보다 국내산 메밀에 높게 함유되어 있기 때문에 국내산 메밀에서 더 높은 생리 활성이 나타날 것으로 기대된다.

식용 귀뚜라미를 고압증기멸균한 뒤 동결건조하였으며, 이를 분쇄하여 AL/PET/LLDPE film에 포장 후 25, 35 및 40℃에서 6개월 동안 저장하며 한 달 간격으로 품질변화를 측정하였다. 수분함량은 저장기간 중 모든 구에서 증가하 였으나, 저장 6개월 차에 저장온도별 유의적 차이는 없었다. 산가의 초기값은 1.83 mg KOH/g 이였으며, 저장 6개월 차에 25, 35 및 40℃ 저장구는 1.93, 2.04 및 2.15 mg KOH/g 으로 증가하였다. 지방산은 palmitic acid, oleic acid 및 linoleic acid가 24.79, 28.58 및 28.55 g/100 g으로 높은 함량 을 나타내었으며, palmitic acid 및 linoleic acid는 저장온도 별 증·감소의 경향이 뚜렷하지 않았으나, oleic acid는 저장 기간 중 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 일반세균 및 대장균 군은 저장기간 동안 검출되지 않았다. 관능검사의 경우 25 및 35℃ 저장구는 유의적 차이가 없으나, 40℃ 저장구는 유의적 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 저장기간 중 품질에 영 향을 미치는 인자는 수분함량, 산가, oleic acid 및 flavor로 판단되었으며, 이들의 한계 기준을 각각 5%, 3 mg KOH/g, 26.5 g/100 g 및 6으로 설정하여 유통온도 25℃를 기준으로 VSLSF 프로그램으로 유통기한을 산출하였다. 수분함량, 산가, oleic acid 및 flavor의 유통기한을 산출한 결과 23, 61, 150 및 155개월이었으며, 유통기한이 가장 짧은 항목에 안전계수 0.8을 적용하여 18개월로 설정하였다. 이상의 결 과는 제조 후 25℃ 유통조건에서 18개월까지는 귀뚜라미 분말의 품질 안정성이 유지되는 것으로 판단되었다.

Insects have gained increasing attention as an alternative protein and nutrient rich food source for humans. This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and harmful components of edible crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) in the 6 districts of Yeonggwang (YG), Jeongseon (JS), Wonju (WJ), Hwaseong (HS), Geochang (GC), and Chungju (CJ). The average crude protein and crude lipid contents on a dry basis were 64.34% and 16.60%, respectively. The crude protein content of CJ was the highest (67.40%), whereas YG (59.42%) had the lowest content. On the other hand, the crude fat content of YG was the highest (20.61%), whereas CJ (14.04%) had the lowest content. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 57.97-63.93 g/100 g of the total fatty acid content in the crickets of the 6 districts. The major fatty acids of the crickets in the 6 districts were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Among the essential amino acids, valine, leucine, and lysine were the most abundant. GC had the highest total amino acids (57.93 g/100 g), whereas YG (48.65 g/100 g) had the lowest. Major mineral contents included potassium (K, 0.92~1.01 mg/100 mg) and phosphorus (P, 0.74~0.88 mg/100 mg). The mineral composition was fairly similar among the crickets. Crickets in the 6 districts were verified to have safe levels of residual heavy metals according to the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory levels.

본 연구는 국내에서 생산·유통되는 무 새싹채소의 미생물 및 영양학적 품질지표를 조사하기 위하여 2개월에 한번씩 무 새싹채소를 구매한 후, 미생물 오염도, 총 페놀함량,총 카로티노이드 함량, 총 글루코시놀레이트 함량 및 개별 글루코시놀레이트 화합물을 분석하고, 항산화활성을 측정해보았다. 일반세균수와 대장균군수는 평균 7.45±0.73 log CFU/g과 6.55±0.61 log CFU/g을 나타내었으며, 겨울철에는 각각 6.70±0.61 log CFU/g과 6.09±0.50 log CFU/g으로 낮았고, 여름철에는 각각 7.91±0.15 log CFU/g과 6.94±0.17log CFU/g으로 높은 오염도를 나타내었다. 총 페놀함량은 평균 16.82±0.69 mg/g을 나타내었으며 구매시기별 유의차는 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 총 카로티노이드 함량은 평균값이 10.73±2.08 mg/g로, 계절별로 비교했을 때 겨울이 여름보다 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 글루코시놀레이트 함량은 평균 65.80±12.68 mg/g이었으며, 12월에 73.47±4.67mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였으나, 구매시기에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 개별 글루코시놀레이트함량은 glucoerucin, glucoraphenin, gluconasrutiin, glucobrassicin의 순서로 높게 나타내었으며, glucoerucin을 제외한 성분들은 구매시기에 따른 성분함량에서 유의적 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 항산화 활성은 DPPH 라디컬 소거능으로 측정하였는데, 2월에 가장 높고 6월에 가장 낮은 항산화 활성을 보여, 겨울철이 여름철에 비해 항산화활성이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 무 새싹채소의 미생물 오염도, 총 카로티노이드 함량 및 항산화 활성은 구매시기에 따라 함량 및 활성의 변화를 보였으나, 총 페놀 함량, 총 글루코시놀레이트는 구매시기별 유의적인 차이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 귀뚜라미 소재를 식품으로서의 활용도를 높이기 위하여 다양한 가공방법에 따른 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 일반성분 중 조단백과 조회분 함량은 동결건조 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 수분함량과 조지방은 튀김건조 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 조섬유는 각각의 처리구에서 유사하게 나타났다. 열풍건조 처리구의 키틴함량은 약 12%로 튀김건조 처리구의 6%의 약 2배 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 동결건조 귀뚜라미 시료의 지방 100 g 중에서 불포화지방산이 63.55 g으로 가장 높게 측정되었고, 포화지방산은 튀김건조 처리구가 지방 100 g 중에서 31.88 g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 무기질 함량은 동결건조 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 열풍건조, 볶음건조 및 튀김건조 순으로 나타났다. 건조조건에 따른 귀뚜라미의 안전성을 알아보기 위하여 중금속과 미생물 분석을 한 결과, 카드뮴과 수은이 검출되었으나 이는 각각 중금속의 식약처 고시 기준인 0.2 ppm, 0.5 ppm 보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났으며, 납과 비소는 모든 처리구에서 검출되지 않았다. 또한 병원성 미생물도 모든 처리구에서 검출되지 않았다

Apple juices were sterilized by continuous pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments of pulse width of 25 μs at electric field intensity of 20.0 kV/cm, and with the varied pulse frequencies of 35 Hz (40 kJ/L), 55 Hz (70 kJ/L), 72 Hz (100 kJ/L) and 85 Hz (130 kJ/L). The PEF treatments of apple juice reduced the microbial counts from 5.3 log CFU/mL of initial state to 3.0 log CFU/mL after PEF treatment at energy density of 130 kJ/L. Also yeast and fungi after PEF treatments were reduced from 5.3 log CFU/mL to 3.0 log CFU/mL and Escherichia coli were from 5.3 log CFU/mL of initial state to 4.7 log CFU/mL to <101 CFU/mL. The soluble solids and free sugars did not significantly differ (p<0.05) depending on conditions of PEF treatment. The total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity such as the DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by PEF treatments were significantly partly reduced, but the PEF-reduced value came in smaller uantities than the heat treatment at 65℃. The iterative PEF treatments with pulse width of 25 μs and pulse frequency of 85 Hz at electric field intensity of 20.0 kV/cm showed limited in microbial reduction. Also, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity such as DPPH and FRAP, significantly decreased depending on treatment numbers of PEF (p<0.05).

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristic of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed and to assess its total phenol content, total flavonoids content and antimicrobial activity. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and carbohydrates of the Carthamus tinctorius L. seed were 5.58, 37.16, 13.69, 3.52, and 40.05%, respectively. Total amino acid in Carthamus tinctorius L. seed was 391.99 mg%. The major free sugar of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed were fructose(3.29%) and sucrose(1.74%). Linoleic acid(79.46%) was a major fatty acids in the crude fat of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed. The K and Ca contents were the highest in Carthamus tinctorius L. seed. Total phenol and total flavonoids contents of the ethanolic extract were 55.52 ± 0.99 mg GAE/g and 78.69 ± 0.91 mg QE/g, respectively. The extract from Carthamus tinctorius L. seed showed growth inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escheria coli, Candida albicans, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Clustridium perfringens. These results indicate that the Carthamus tinctorius L. seed extract can inhibit food pathogen associated with total phenol and total flavonoids contents.

The effects of pretreatment by pulsed electric fields (PEFs) on the juice expression characteristics of the Malus pumila fruit were investigated. Fresh fruits were divided into quarters, were produced on a laboratory scale (100 g apples per lot) by pretreatment with electric fields at two different field intensities (1, 2 kV/cm; n=50, 100, 200, and 400 pulses), and were then pressed at room temperature. Relative to the control samples, the juice yield increased with increasing field intensities. The total phenolics and antioxidant activity were higher in the juice from the PEF-treated fruit than in the juice from the untreated fruit. There was no significant difference in soluble-solid and reducing sugar contents between the PEF-treated and untreated fruits. These results suggest that PEF pretreatment may be useful for increasing the juice yield, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of the Malus pumila fruit.

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of aerobic bacteria in fresh-cut salad during short-term temperature abuse (4∼30℃temperature for 1, 2, and 3 h) for 72 h and to develop predictive models for the growth of total viable cells (TVC) based on Predictive food microbiology (PFM). The tool that was used, Pathogen Modeling program (PMP 7.0), predicts the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila (broth Culture, aerobic) at pH 5.6, NaCl 2.5%, and sodium nitrite 150 ppm for 72 h. Linear models through linear regression analysis; DMFit program were created based on the results obtained at 5, 10, 20, and 30℃ for 72 h (r2 >0.9). Secondary models for the growth rate and lag time, as a function of storage temperature, were developed using the polynomial model. The initial contamination level of fresh-cut salad was 5.6 log CFU/mL of TVC during 72 h storage, and the growth rate of TVC was shown to be 0.020∼1.083 CFU/mL/h (r2 >0.9). Also, the growth tendency of TVC was similar to that of PMP (grow rate: 0.017∼0.235 CFU/mL/h; r2=0.994∼1.000). The predicted shelf life with PMP was 24.1∼626.5 h, and the estimated shelf life of the fresh-cut salads with short-term temperature abuse was 15.6∼31.1 h. The predicted shelf life was more than two times the observed one. This result indicates a ‘fail safe’ model. It can be taken to a ludicrous extreme by adopting a model that always predicts that a pathogenic microorganism will grow even under conditions so strict as to be actually impossible.