We investigated the effects of leaching concentration (0.1 ~ 1.0 M) and time (1 ~ 120 min) on the phosphorus recovery from ash and dried sewage sludge produced by titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) flocculation by acidic (H2SO4 and HCl) or alkaline (KOH and NaOH) leaching. The extraction efficiencies of dried sludge were 2.7 ~ 12.6% for H2SO4, 2.5 ~ 10.5% for HCl, 3.6 ~ 9.6% for KOH, and 7.1 ~ 9.9% for NaOH with 1 M, and the maximum efficiency was obtained within 45 min. The maximum %P extracted of sludge ash was 83.1 for H2SO4, 80.2 for HCl, 51.2 for KOH, and 51.2 for NaOH with 1 M, obtained within 45 min. The rate constants (min−1) for the leaching of P from sludge ash were found to be 1.199 for H2SO4, 1.026 for HCl, 0.264 for KOH, and 0.622 for NaOH. The P leaching increased with the increase in leaching concentration, and the maximum leaching for ash was obtained within 0.3 M, regardless of acidic or alkaline leaching. The overall results indicate that the ash of TiCl4 flocculated sewage sludge can be treated with H2SO4 to efficiently recover P.

Carbonaceous material prepared from oriental cherry can be used for the adsorption of zinc ion from an aqueous solution. Parameters such as pH (4-11), temperature (293-333 K), mixing intensity (10-120 rpm) and contact time (0.5- 90 min) were studied. Increasing pH (99.6% at pH 11) and temperature (99.8% at 333 K) caused an increase in adsorption capacity. A pseudo-equilibrium state was reached within 1 min of contact time. Removal efficiency of zinc ion remained constant regardless of mixing intensity. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity was 3.541 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous with Gibb’s free-energy values ranging between -3.272 and -15.594 kJ/mol and endothermic with an enthalpy value of 86.984 kJ/mol. Therefore, carbonaceous material from oriental cherry was shown to have good potential for the adsorption of zinc ion.

혐기성소화는 폐기물처리뿐만 아니라 대체에너지인 메탄가스가 발생하여 에너지를 회수할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 혐기성소화 효율을 높이기 위해 미량중금속을 투입하기도 한다. 이는 대표적인 유기성 폐기물인 음식물류폐기물에 미량중금속의 함량이 낮고, 미량중금속이 미생물의 생장에 중요한 역할을 하기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 미량중금속의 함량이 낮고 대표적인 유기성폐기물인 음식물류폐기물을 기질로 사용하여 혐기성소화를 진행하였고 식종은 음식물류폐기물과 축산폐수를 병합처리하는 혐기성소화조 소화슬러지를 사용하였다. 사용한 시료는 A시의 폐기물자원화시설에서 채취하였으며 음식물류폐기물은 2 mm, 소화슬러지는 0.85 mm 채로 걸러서 사용하였다. Ni는 메탄생성미생물의 성장에 필수적으로 필요하고 아세트산의 이용효율을 증가시키는 효과가 있어 대상 미량중금속을 Ni로 하였다. Ni 투입량은 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50 mg/L로 변화를 주었으며 소화온도는 중온(35℃)과 고온(55℃)로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 음식물류폐기물과 소화슬러지를 휘발성고형물(volatile solid, VS) 기준으로 1:1 비율로 섞어 500 mL serum bottle에 300 mL를 채워 진행하였고, 반응기에 농도별로 Ni를 투입하였다. 이 후 질소를 이용하여 2분간 퍼지하고, 고무마개와 알루미늄씰(aluminium seal)을 이용하여 밀봉하였다. 제작된 반응기를 항온 진탕배양기(VS-8480, VS-8480SF, KR)에서 중온 및 고온에서 소화를 진행하였다. 발생하는 가스는 기압계(Keller LEO-2, Germany)를 이용하여 반응기 내 압력을 측정하여 발생량을 계산하는 방식을 이용하였다. 본 연구는 아직 진행 중에 있어 결과는 추후 학회에서 발표할 예정이다.

This study aimed to describe the mechanism and reaction characteristics of the adhered mortar removal of recycled aggregate (RA) using microwave irradiation (700 W) and a mixed solution of HCl and H2O2. The HOCl concentration increased to 29.7 M at 35oC and 40 min of reaction time without RA in the mixed solution, which shows that HCl reacts with H2O2 to form HOCl and water. However, after nitrogen purging, the HOCl concentration decreased to 2.71 M in 20 min, which proves indirectly that HOCl reacts with HCl to form Cl2 and water. The HOCl concentration decreased from 29.7 M to 1.88 M at 35oC in 40 min with RA in the mixed solution, and the Ca2+ concentration increased to 9,750 mg/L, which demonstrates indirectly that mortar mainly composed of Ca(OH)2 reacts with Cl2 to form Ca(OCl)2 and CaCl2. The reaction rate (k) with microwave heating was about 2.3 times faster than that with conventional heating, and k at a reaction temperature of 50oC was about 1.3 times faster than that at 35oC. The treated RA was improved in density, water absorption, abrasion loss, and absolute volume.

This study investigated the enzymatic pretreatment of food waste (FW) using Viscozyme L to enhance reducing sugar (RS) production. Response surface analysis was used to study the effects of the pretreatment variables of temperature (T) (35-55oC) and incubation time (IT) (9-15 hr). The results indicated that the generated regression model represented the relationship between the independent variables and the responses. The RS production from FW was affected by IT rather than T. Within the design boundaries, a maximum RS yield (0.72 g/g of total solids of FW) was obtained at 44.5oC and 13.7 hr.

This study aimed to determine adhered mortar content of recycled aggregate (RA) using microwave irradiation (700W)and mixed solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The optimum condition was first to soakRA in tap water for 30 min and then RA was soaked in mixed solution of 30% HCl and 15% H2O2 (HCl:H2O2=1:2) for 70-90min after 15-min microwave irradiation. The mortar of RA in the condition was completely removed within2.3 hrs. Reaction rate (k) with the condition was −0.6408hr−1, which was about 190 times faster than that with HCl only(k=−0.0034hr−1).

This study aimed to completely remove adhered mortar from recycled aggregate (RA) using microwave irradiation (700 W) and mixed solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The optimum condition was first to soak RA in tap water for 30 min and then RA was soaked in mixed solution of 30% HCl and 15% H2O2 (HCl : H2O2 = 1 : 2) for 70-90 min after 15-min microwave irradiation. Therefore, the mortar of RA in the condition was completely removed within 2.3 hrs. Reaction rate (k) with the condition was –0.6408 hr-1, which was about 190 times faster than that with HCl only (k = -0.0032 hr-1).

We conducted this study to develope technique for removing fine mortar attached to waste reinforcing steel bar (D13). We observed the effect of the glycolic acid concentration (10 ~ 40%) and reaction time (0.5 ~ 4 hr) on the mortar removal. The reaction rate (−1.3089 hr−1) was the fastest at 20% of glycolic acid. The mortar was completely removed in 3 hrs. The reaction rate decreased with pH increase (1.4 ~ 2.0) at 20% of glycolic acid.

The objective of this study was to find optimum pretreatment conditions of ozone and microwave for solubilizationof thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS). Response surface analysis was applied to determine the combination of ozoneconcentration (0.03 to 0.1g O3/g total solid (TS)) and microwave temperature (100~170oC). The temperature significantlyaffected the solubilization degree of sludge (p<0.01). Within the design boundaries, the conditions predicted to maximizethe solubilization degree of 41.6% were determined to be 0.065g O3/g TS and 170oC. On the other hand, the solubilizationdegree with the ozone pretreatment alone was 2.7 to 12.2% at 0.03~0.1g O3/g TS. The results show that the combinationof ozone and microwave pretreatments is effective in solubilization of TWAS.