In our previous study, active-single compound (ASC), inhibitor of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cell, was identified from Ganoderma lucidum. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the change of the ASC contents in G. lucidum when lacquer tree (LT) was added in cultivation of G. lucidum. In HPLC analysis, significantly increased ASC peak was observed in G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% (v/v) of LT. In addition, melanogenesis inhibitory effect of G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% of LT significantly increased when compared to G. lucidum extract without LT supplementation. Furthermore, LT supplementation increased mycelial growth of G. lucidum in both solid and liquid cultivation. These results suggest that is useful as natural ingredient for increasing bioactivity including skin-whitening effect and mycelial growth of G. lucidum.

Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the class Basidiomycetes, attracts international attention due to the wide variety of its biological activities and great potential as cosmetic ingredient, such as skin care cosmetics including ‘skin-whitening’. However, there is little information available regarding the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the G. lucidum. To isolate active single compound from G. lucidum (GASC), we conducted ethanol extraction and chloroform fractionation. In addition, we assayed the inhibitoty effect of tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. In the present study, we identified a GASC, which exhibited inhibitory effects of cellular tyrosinase activity, the protein expression of cellular tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, 2. In additional, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), as known as crucial regulator of melanogenesis-related genes, was down-regulated by treatment with GASC in a concentration-dependent manner. GASC exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in B16F10. The finding that melanogenesis inhibitory effect of GASC will contribute to facilitate various approaches of this mushroom for use in skin whitening products.

In our previous study, active-single compound (ASC), inhibitor of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cell, was identified from Ganoderma lucidum. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the change of the ASC contents in G. lucidum when oriental raisin tree (ORT) was added in cultivation of G. lucidum. In HPLC analysis, significantly increased ASC peak was observed in G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% (v/v) of ORT. In addition, melanogenesis inhibitory effect of G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% of ORT significantly increased when compared to G. lucidum extract without ORT supplementation. Furthermore, ORT supplementation increased mycelial growth of G. lucidum in both solid and liquid cultivation. These results suggest that oriental raisin tree is useful as natural ingredient for increasing bioactivity including skin-whitening effect and mycelial growth of G. lucidum.

The purpose of this experiment is to measure the change in the growth rate and the amount of bioactive compounds when additives are added to mushrooms. According to the additive content, Ganoderma lucidum ASI7004, Ganoderma lucidum ASI7071, Ganoderma. meredithae KACC42868 and Ganoderma lucidum ASI7013 mycelial growth rate variation analysis, oriental raisin tree, Siberian ginseng, chestnut shell, apple pomace, and Korean cabbage additive increased mycelial growth by approximately 2.5 times when compared to the control group(MCM medium). The results of analyzing the total amount of polyphenol in mycelia of G. lucidum based on different kinds of additives have shown that the amount of polyphenol increased only in G. lucidum ASI7004 with 2% Korean cabbage additive. However, when other additives are added, the amount of polyphenol turned out to be lower than original G. lucidum and other individual additives. The results of analyzing the total amount of triterpenoid in mycelia of G. lucidum based on different kinds of additives have shown that the amount of triterpenoid increased in G. lucidum mycelia with apple pomace and Korean cabbage additives. Siberian ginseng additive was effective in increasing the amount of triterpenoid only when 4% Siberian ginseng was added to G. lucidum ASI7004, yet the increased amount was not significant. Although the addition of additives turned out to be effective to the growth rate, it was not effective enough towards the amount of bioactive compounds. Further experiments are required.

We have developed an algorithm for tracking coronal mass ejection (CME) propagation that allows us to estimate CME speed and its arrival time at Earth. The algorithm may be used either to forecast the CME’s arrival on the day of the forecast or to update the CME tracking information for the next day’s forecast. In our case study, we successfully tracked CME propagation using the algorithm based on g-values of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observation provided by the Institute for Space- Earth Environmental Research (ISEE). We were able to forecast the arrival time (Δt = 0.30 h) and speed (Δv = 20 km/s) of a CME event on October 2, 2000. From the CME-interplanetary CME (ICME) pairs provided by Cane & Richardson (2003), we selected 50 events to evaluate the algorithm’s forecast capability. Average errors for arrival time and speed were 11.14 h and 310 km/s, respectively. Results demonstrated that g-values obtained continuously from any single station observation were able to be used as a proxy for CME speed. Therefore, our algorithm may give stable daily forecasts of CME position and speed during propagation in the region of 0.2–1 AU using the IPS g-values, even if IPS velocity observations are insufficient. We expect that this algorithm may be widely accepted for use in space weather forecasting in the near future.