갯지렁이류는 연안의 모래와 펄속에서 쉽게 발견되며, 그 종류의 수나 자원량이 풍부한 저서동물군이다. 이들은 저질 에 굴을 뚫어 해수를 순환하게 함으로써 유기 성분을 변화 시켜 저질을 정화시키기도 하는 등 해양 저서 생태계에서 중요한 위치를 점하고 있다. 또한 갯지렁이류는 해양 오염 의 지표 생물로 저서 어류의 주된 먹이 및 낚시 미끼로 이용 되고 있다. 최근 연안 갯벌이 국책 사업 등 여러 가지 간척 및 매립 공사로 인하여 갯지렁이와 같은 저서 생물이 생활 할 수 있는 서식지 면적이 감소하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 하천 에서 배출되는 각종 유기물에 의한 오염의 정도가 심화되고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 측면에서 유기물의 성분을 변화 시 켜 저질을 정화시키는 작용을 한다고 생각되는 갯지렁이를 이식함으로써 이식에 따른 저질 환경 개선 등에 대한 연구 의 필요성이 제기된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 여자만의 궁 항 갯벌에 갯지렁이를 이식하여, 이식 후의 월별 저질의 입 자 구조에 대하여 조사하였다. 조사 대상지인 여자만에 대한 문헌 및 사전 현장 조사를 기초로 하여 전라남도 여자만에 위치한 사곡리 궁항마을 앞 갯벌(34°47′02,93″, 127°34′19,35″)을 실험 대상 지로 선정하였다. 조사 정점은 두토막눈썹참갯지렁이, Perinereis aibuhiteusis를 이식하지 않은 대조구와 갯지렁 이를 이식한 실험구로 분리하여, 2012년 매월 1회씩 저질을 채집하여 분석하였다. 실험구로 정한 정점에는 갯지렁이의 이식 밀도를 100개체/m2 (총 2500마리)로 이식하였으며 채 집은 간조시 상자형 코어(30 cm2)를 사용하여 약 30 cm 깊이까지 정점당 4회로 하였다. 퇴적물의 입도 분석은 과산 화수소와 염산을 넣어 유기물과 탄산염을 제거한 후, 습식 체질에 의해 4φ 이하와 그 이상으로 분리하였다. 이중 4φ 이하 조립질 퇴적물은 건식 체질법, 4φ 이상 세립질 퇴적 물은 피펫팅법으로 분석하였다. 퇴적물의 입도 특성을 나타 내는 평균입도, 분급도, 왜도 및 첨도는 컴퓨터를 이용하여 통계 처리하였으며, Folk and Ward (1957)의 방법에 따라 퇴적물을 분류하였다. 이외에 수질 환경 및 저질의 감열 감 량 및 함수율 등은 상법에 따라 측정하였다. 2011년에 갯지렁이를 이식하고 연구를 계속 진행하여 왔 으며, 2012년 1월 궁항 갯벌의 퇴적물 함량은 10.2%가 모 래(sand)였으며, Mud(니질)이 89.8%였으나 조사 개시 3개 월 후에는 모래가 10.2%, Mud가 89.8%로 비슷하였고, 12 개월 후에는 모래가 9.5%, Mud가 90.5%로 모래질은 감소 하고 Mud는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 갯지렁이를 이식한 실험구와 이식하지 않은 대조구의 Mud 함량은 대조 구의 경우, 실험 기간 동안 10.0%를 유지하고 있으나, 실험 구는 9.5%로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 갯지렁이를 퇴적 물에 수용하였을 경우, 잡식성인 갯지렁이의 먹이 활동시 퇴적물의 일부를 섭취하여 배설하는 과정에서 퇴적물의 함 량이 변화하는 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 는 갯지렁이와 같은 정착성 저서 생물을 이용하여 연안 갯 벌의 오염 환경을 개선할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다.

This study was conducted to investigate the preventing effects of OPB (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and Eleutherococcus senticosus Max extracts) and combined OPB/Calcium therapy on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Sixty Sprague Dawley rats of 12-week-old were divided into eight groups: OVX (ovariectomized), OPBL (OPB 50 mg/kg), OPBM (OPB100 mg/kg), OPBH (OPB 200 mg/kg), OPBL/CAL(OPBL+CAL), OPBM/CAL (OPBM+CAL), OPBH/CAL (OPBH+CAL) and CAL (Calcium citrate 88.33 mg/kg+1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D₃33.33 IU/kg). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone strength indices and cortical thickness were analyzed by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). pQCT scanning showed that OVX induced a significant decrease in trabecular bone mineral density and bone mineral content in the proximal tibia (-36.4 ±24%, -21.8±12.7%).These decreases were significantly prevented by the administration of OPBM and OPBM/CAL. Cortical BMD and BMC of tibia were slightly enhanced by OPB and OPB/CAL. However there was no significant difference between OVX and OPB, OPB/CAL treated group. Bone strength indices and cortical thickness were not significantly different. Our results suggest that OPB and combined OPB/Calcium therapy are effective in preventing the development of bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats.

We performed the present study to investigate whether Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (RG) extracts (RGX) and Eleutherococcus senticosus Max (ES) extracts (ESX) play any roles in bone metabolism. We examined cellular activities of bone cells by measurement of osteoblastic cell viability, osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion from osteoblasts, osteoclastogenesis, and osteoclastic activity. There is no cytotoxicity from osteoblasts after treatment with RGX and ESX. The secretion of OPG from the osteoblasts showed marked increases after treatment with RGX and ESX. In addition, RGX and ESX treatment decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells and the resorption areas. RGX and ESX, when mixed at optimal ratios, induced synergic effects, in vitro. OPB, which showed synergic effects, is the extract of natural ingredients RG and ES mixed at a raw material weight ratio of 4 : 1. It can be suspected that extracts of RG and ES mixtures contains active ingredients involved in bone tissue metabolism and may be effective in improving osteoporosis.

Leptin, the product of the obese gene, is a circulating hormone secreted primarily from adipocytes. Several results suggest that leptin is important mediators of bone metabolism. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of leptin on anti-osteoclastogenesis using murine precursors cultured on Ca-P coated plates and on the production of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblastic cells. Additionally, this study examined the possible involvement of prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂)/вввB/protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated signals on the effect of leptin on anti-osteoclastogenesis to various culture systems of osteoclast precursors. Osteoclast generation was determined by counting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive [TRAP (+)] multinucleated cells (MNCs). Osteoclastic activity was determined by measuring area of resorption pits formed by osteoclasts on Ca-P coated plate. The number of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 1.25[OH]₂D₃- or PGE₂-induced TRAP (+) MNCs in the mouse bone marrow cell culture decreased significantly after treatment with leptin. The number of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)-induced TRAP (+) MNCs in M-CSF dependent bone marrow macrophage (MDBM) cell or RAW264.7 cell culture decreased significantly with leptin treatment. Indomethacin inhibited osteoclast generation induced by 1.25[OH]₂D₃ and dexamethasone, however, no significant differences were found in the leptin treated group when compared to the corresponding indomethacin group. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, inhibited osteoclast generation induced by 1.25[OH]₂D₃The number of TRAP (+) MNCs decreased significantly with treatment by PMA at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1μM in culture. Leptin inhibited PMA-mediated osteoclast generation. Isoquinoline-5-sulfonic 2-methyl-1-piperazide dihydrochloride (H7) had no effect on osteoclast generation induced by 1.25[OH]₂D₃ Cell culture treatment with leptin resulted in no significant differences in osteoclast generation compared to the corresponding H7 group. Indomethacin showed no significant effect on TRAP (+) MNCs formation from the RAW264.7 cell line. PMA inhibited TRAP (+) MNCs formation induced by RANKL in the RAW264.7 cell culture. H7 had no effect on osteoclast generation from the RAW264.7 cell line. There was no difference compared with the corresponding control group after treatment with leptin. 1.25[OH]₂D₃- or PGE₂-induced osteoclastic activity decreased significantly with leptin treatment at a concentration of 100 ng/ml in mouse bone marrow cell culture. Indomethacin, PMA, and H7 significantly inhibited osteoclastic activity induced by 1.25[OH]₂D₃ in mouse bone marrow cell culture. No significant differences were found between the leptin treated group and the corresponding control group. The secretion of OPG, a substance known to inhibit osteoclast formation, was detected from the osteoblasts. Treatment by leptin resulted in significant increases in OPG secretion by osteoblastic cells. Taken these results, leptin may be an important regulatory cytokines within the bone marrow microenvironment.

The present study was performed to investigate whether Achyranthes Radix extracts play roles in the bone metabolism. Three kinds of Achyranthes Radix extracts (methylene chloride (MC), ethylacetate (Ea), and water (W)) were used for bioassay. We examined cellular activities of osteoblasts by measurement of cell proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcified nodule formation. Osteoclast generation was assayed by measuring the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (+) multinucleated cells after culture of osteoclast precursor cells. There was a maximum 20% increase in proliferation rate of osteoblastic cells after treatment with MC. First and second subfraction of MC layer increased proliferation of osteoblast. Ea layer and second subfraction of MC layer increased ALP activity. Also MC layer and second subfraction of MC layer from Achyranthes Radix extracts increased the calcified nodule. MC layer and second subfraction of MC layer from Achyranthes Radix extracts significantly decreased in the number of TRAP (+) multinucleated cells. Taken together, Achyranthes Radix stimulates the proliferation and bioactivities of bone-forming osteoblasts, and inhibits activities of bone-resorbing osteoclasts.