In this study, we examined the effectiveness of in vitro fertilization of porcine immature oocytes on the embryo development of blastocysts or hatched blastocysts and the number of cells according to the in vitro fertilization conditions. In the in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured porcine oocytes, there were no significant differences between treatment groups regarding fertilization rate, blastocyst rate, and embryo development of hatched blastocysts according to the storage periods of liquid sperm of 24, 48, and 72 hours. The embryo development rate of hatched blastocysts after the fertilization according to different spermatozoa concentrations (, , and cells/ml) showed the highest rate in the group with a spermatozoa concentration of cells/ml; in particular, this rate was significantly higher than that in the cells/ml group (p<0.05). The total number of blastocysts cells as well as trophectoderms (TE) that developed in each treatment group were also significantly higher in the cells/ml group than in any other groups (p<0.05). In contrast, the embryo development rate of blastocysts according to different co-incubation periods of sperm and oocyte (1, 3, and 6 hr) was high in the 6-hour group; in particular, the rate was significantly higher than that of the I-hour group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the total number of oocytes cells and TEs that developed was significantly higher in the 6-hour group than any other group (p<0.05). In this study, the most effective treatment conditions for porcine embryo development and high cell number were found to be as follows: a sperm storage period of less than 72 hours, a spermatozoa concentration of cells/ml, and a 6-hour co-incubation period for sperm and ooocyte.

This study was performed with Korean adults to investigate Makgeolli drinking behavior, preference, and perception about Makgeolli and health, as well as Makgeolli complaints and prices. A survey questionnaire was formulated to obtain information on demographic variables, drinking habits, and perceptions about Makgeolli's function, price, and complaints. The questionnaire was distributed to 468 adults living in the capital area. The results are as follows. Makgeolli (16.1%) was third preferred, following Soju (45.1%) and beer (30.7%), and no significant differences were observed by gender and income, but the preference for Makgeolli increased with increasing age (p<0.001). According to the survey, the largest reason both genders drank Makgeolli was that it tastes good. Men preferred Makgeolli for its health effects and cheap price, while women preferred it for the atmosphere while drinking it. Also, older people and those with higher incomes preferred drinking Makgeolli for its health effect rather than its good taste (p<0.001 for each). No significant difference was observed by gender for the question "Do you think that Makgeolli has a health-promoting effect?" Overall, 51% of the subjects gave positive answers and only 5.9% gave negative answers. Significantly, older people and those with a higher income had a higher rate of answering positively to this question. Belching (45.1%) and headache (29.9%) were the most common symptoms among the side effects of drinking Makgeolli. No significant difference was observed by gender or income, but older people had a higher rate of belching and fewer headaches than younger people (p<0.001). Women had a significantly higher rate of perceiving that Makgeolli was cheap than men. Age and income differences did not influence price perception. To the question "What is the ideal price for high quality Makgeolli", 32.1% answered that the present rate (1,000 won) was ideal, and 59.4% answered that a price between 1,000 and 2,000 won was ideal. These results indicate that the high preference for Makgeolli is due to its good taste and health effects. However, belching and headache caused by drinking Makgeolli were the most common complaints and, thus, must be solved. Some opinions indicated that Makgeolli must eliminate its low-quality image, but, according to this survey, most subjects answered that the ideal price of higher-quality Makgeolli should be increased slightly, which would cause price resistance.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Takju lees hot water extracts on the blood pressure in spontaneously hypertension rats (SHR). Twenty eight male SHR were grouped by their blood pressure and fed a control diet or experimental diets containing 1% (G1), 2% (G2), or 4% (G4) Takju lees extracts for 4 weeks. Food intake was not significantly different among the groups. However, body weight gain was significantly lower in groups fed the Takju lees extract than the control group. The systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the Takju lees extract containing groups (especially in G4 group) than the control groups. In addition, mean blood pressure {(systolic+dyastolic)/2} decreased with an increase in the amount of Takju lees extract in the diet and feeding period. Takju lees extract decreased angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the Takju lees extract exert an antihypertensive effect by decreasing ACE activity.

We separately cultured follicular oocytes collected from individual ovaries of slaughtered Korean native cows and examined both the embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate after embryo transplantation according to the meat yield and quality grades of the source beef carcass. Oocytes from meat yield grade B cows exhibited a higher fertilization rate and embryonic developmental rate to the eight-cell stage than oocytes from grade A or C animals (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in rate of development to the blastocyst stage among meat yield grades A, Band C. The oocyte cleavage rate and development rate to the eight-cell stage from meat quality grade 3 cattle was higher than grades 1++, 1+, 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Embryos derived from grade animals displayed a development rate to the blastocyst stage of 19.4%, which was also higher than all other meat quality grades (p<0.05). Transplantation of in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade A ovaries led to a higher pregnancy rate (64.2%) than in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade B ovaries (56.5%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in pregnancy or abortion rates. In conclusion, embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate has a close relation to meat quality grades of the source beef carcass, this results is to give information for the Korean native cows improvement of breed.

본 연구는 한약탕제 찌꺼기를 친환경 퇴비자원으로서 재활용하기 위하여 발효과정을 거친 퇴비(MHWC; medicinal herb waste compost)와 계분퇴비(PMC; poultry manure compost) 및 이들을 혼합한 퇴비(MHWC+PMC, 1:1)를 식재 2년생 복분자 포장에 무처리(UC; untreated control, 0), 20, 40 Mg/ha로 각각 처리하였다. 밭 토양의 화학성과 수확한 복분자 과실의 수량 및 당도변화 조사 결과는 다음과 같다. 토양 pH는 UC보다 모두 증가하여 유의적인 pH 변화 조절기능이 인정되었다. EC는 MHWC 처리구가 UC보다 0.56-0.46 배 감소를 보였으며, PMC 처리구와 차이가 있었다. 유기물 함량과 질소함량은 퇴비 종류와 무관하게 증가하였고, 가장 증가된 퇴비는 MHWC이었다. 유효인산함량은 퇴비 종류 및 처리량에 따른 차이가 있었다. 각 퇴비를 처리한 토양의 중금속 함량은 토양오염우려기준보다 낮았다. MHWC 처리구의 수량과 당도는 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아, MHWC 처리는 복분자 경작지의 토양환경개선과 더불어 복분자 과실의 수량 및 당도를 향상시키는 효과적인 퇴비자원인 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 한약탕제 찌꺼기를 친환경 퇴비자원으로서 재활용하기 위하여 발효과정을 거친 퇴비(MHWC: medicinal herb waste compost)와 계분퇴비(PMC: poultry manure compost) 및 이를 혼합한 퇴비(MHWC+PMC, 1:1)를 식재 2년생 복분자 포장에 무처리(0), 20, 40 Mg/ha로 처리하여 꽃이 첫 개화한 시기를 기점으로 15, 20, 25 DAF(day after flowering)를 수확시기로 하여 수확한 복분자 과실의 생리활성을 조사하여 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 복분자의 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 15 DAF 과실에서와는 달리 20, 25 DAF 과실에서 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다(p<0.05). 수확시기별로는 25>20>15 DAF 순이었고, 그 함량은 40 MHWC Mg/ha가 가장 높았다. Flavonoid 함량변화는 총 페놀성 화합물 함량변화와 유사하였다. 전자공여효과는 15, 20 DAF 과실에서는 차이가 없었지만, 25 DAF 과실에서는 낮은 효과를 나타내었다. 아질산염 소거효과는 pH 1.2>4.2>6.0 순으로 pH 의존적인 경향이었으며 15, 20 DAF 과실보다 25 DAF 과실이 저하되었다. Tyrosinase 저해효과는 MHWC 처리구가 가장 우수하고 처리량에 따라 저해효과가 증가되었으며 15, 20 DAF 과실은 25 DAF 과실보다 낮은 효과를 보였다. Xanthine oxidase 저해활성은 25 DAF 과실의 MHWC 처리구에서 가장 높았고, PMC 및 MHWC+PMC처리구와 UC와의 차이는 인정하기 어려웠다. 이상의 결과에서 MHWC 처리에 따른 복분자 과실의 생리활성이 증가경향을 보여 친환경퇴비자원으로서 가치가 있는 것으로 사료되었다.

본 논문은 게임적 행위, 게임적 체험, 게임적 인간이라는 일련의 과정에 주목한다. 현대에서의 게임의 강력한 효과는 게임적 인간이라는 새로운 인간형을 생산하고 있다. 특히 체감형 게임의 형태는 그것의 매체적 특질에 의해 가장 강력한 효과를 발생시킬 수 있다는 점에서 논의의 주요한 대상으로 삼는다. 본 논문에서는 우선 체감형 게임에서의 체험을 분석하고, 체감형 게임이 담지하고 있는 게임-공간의 확장성을 탐구한다. 그리고 체감형 게임이 생성하고 있는 새로운 게임적 인간을 '게임적 신인류'로 개념화한다. 이러한 논의는 체감형 게임이 가속화시킨 다양한 사회적 현상에 대해 새로운 해석을 반영하여 그것의 사회적 의미를 도출해 보기 위한 시도이다.

Changes of chemical properties by times of the reclaimed tidal land soils and soil surface water, underground infiltration water with precipitation-runoff on natural meteological condition in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields were investigated. This study was carried out to use environment-friendly farm land in the reclaimed tidal lands. The soils used in this study were saline-alkaline soils with the high Na+ and Mg++ content. As the results of investigation outflow loading of nutriments through outflow water in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields by precipitation during the survey period, nutriments equivalent to T-N 1~2 kg 10a -1 and T-P 0.01~0.02 kg 10a-1 from in the unripened tidal lands were discharged. Besides, the results of comparison losses of cation through outflow water showed Na+> K+> Mg++ > Ca++, and the highest appeared water discharge of Na+. In case of saemangeum reclaimed tidal land soils water discharge of cations showed Ca++ 1.3 kg 10a-1, Mg++ 1.6 kg 10a-1, Na+ 17.7 kg 10a-1, and K+ 3.2 kg 10a-1 respectively. On the other hand, in case of koheung reclaimed tidal lands soils water discharge of cations showed Ca++ 18.1 kg 10a-1, Mg++ 31.2 kg 10a-1, Na+ 320.8 kg 10a-1 and K+ 51.2 kg 10a-1 respectively.