We demonstrate a carbonate-suppressed hydrothermal route for synthesizing tetragonal BaTiO3 (BT) nanoparticles using barium acetate as the Ba source. Commercial TiO2 (P25) was converted to BT in KOH at 240 °C for 6 h without post-annealing. Relative to conventional Ba(OH)2 routes, the acetate precursor markedly reduced BaCO3 formation and narrowed the particle-size distribution. Systematic tuning of the Ba/Ti ratio (≥ 1.3) further optimized nucleation and growth, yielding uniform ~100 nm particles at Ba/Ti = 1.7 with the highest tetragonality (c/a ≈ 1.0076), as verified by XRD (002/200 splitting) and corroborated by Raman signatures of the tetragonal phase. Trace carbonate, when present, could be removed by mild weak-acid washing (e.g., acetic or citric acid) as effectively as with strong acids, but with improved process safety and practicality. The combined use of barium acetate, controlled Ba/Ti chemistry, and gentle carbonate removal yields phase-pure, highly tetragonal BT nanoparticles from low-cost precursors in a short dwell time, offering a scalable pathway to MLCC-grade powders.

Background: Tensor fasciae latae (TFL) and iliotibial tract (ITB) tightness can pull the pelvis during hip lateral rotation (HLR), increasing pelvic rotation due to muscle tension. Among various tests, the HLR test in the prone position (HLRP) is a clinical evaluation tool for assessing lumbopelvic motion with lower-extremity movement. However, performing the HLRP may result in less compensatory motion and a relatively decreased pelvic rotation angle (PRA) because of a wide base of support. Moreover, there were no studies investigating PRA during an HLR test in the standing position (HLRS). Objects: This study aimed to compare the PRA in the horizontal plane during HLRS and the HLRP between individuals with and without TFL/ITB tightness. Methods: Thirty participants with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) TFL/ITB tightness as assessed by Ober’s test, were recruited. The PRA was measured during active HLRS and HLRP. Two-way mixed analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences in the PRA between groups and within positions. Results: When HLRP and HLRS were performed, the PRA in the horizontal plane occurred at 1.65° ± 0.98° and 7.68° ± 4.69°, respectively, in the TFL/ITB tightness group, and at 1.27° ± 1.07° and 2.37° ± 1.96°, respectively, in the control group. A significant interaction effect was identified between groups and positions on the PRA (p < 0.05). Individuals with TFL/ITB tightness had a significantly greater PRA during HLRS than those in the control group. The PRA during HLRS was significantly greater than that during HLRP in individuals with TFL/ITB tightness. Conclusion: These results suggest that TFL/ITB tightness contributes to increased PRA during HLRS compared with HLRP. Clinically, assessment of the PRA in the standing may provide a functional indicator of compensatory pelvic motion during hip rotation of 45°.

Background: Cross-legged sitting posture (CLSP) is common in daily life but may cause asymmetrical loading of the pelvis and spine, potentially leading to postural imbalance and musculoskeletal problems. Although short-term effects of CLSP have been reported, the longterm biomechanical consequences of habitual CLSP remain unclear. Objects: This study compared lumbopelvic alignment and rotational asymmetry between individuals with and without habitual CLSP. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were classified into CLSP (n = 15) and non-CLSP (NCLSP; n = 15) groups based on self-reported sitting habits. Transverse plane pelvic rotation angle (TrPRA) in the supine position and during active straight leg raise (ASLR) was measured using a Smart KEMA motion sensor system, and side-lying lumbopelvic rotation range of motion (SLRR) was assessed with a custom device. Asymmetry index (AI) was calculated for left–right differences. Group comparisons were analyzed using independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: Intra-rater reliability of SLRR was very high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.958–0.986). No significant group differences were found in TrPRA in the supine position (p > 0.05) or AI of TrPRA during ASLR (p > 0.05). However, the CLSP group demonstrated significantly greater AI in SLRR than the NCLSP group (13.21% ± 6.64% vs. 7.06% ± 4.90%, p = 0.008, Cohen’s d = 1.05). In 10 of the 15 CLSP subjects, the direction of lumbopelvic rotation corresponded to the preferred leg-crossing side. Conclusion: Habitual unilateral CLSP is associated with significantly greater lumbopelvic rotational asymmetry during active side-lying movement, which may contribute to functional imbalance and increased injury risk. Preventive and corrective strategies should include limiting prolonged CLSP, adopting ergonomic seating, and implementing bilateral mobility, rotational control, and core stability exercises. Postural retraining with visual feedback and task-specific practice may further promote symmetrical sitting habits in clinical and occupational environments.

커피박 (spent coffee grounds, SCG)은 커피 산업 전 과정에서 대량으로 발생하는 부산물로, 대부분 소각 혹은 매립을 통해 처리되어 환경적, 경제적 부담을 초래한다. 그러나 SCG는 폴리페놀과 플 라보노이드를 비롯한 다양한 생리활성 성분을 함유하고 있어 기능성 소재로 활용 가능성이 크다. 본 연 구에서는 80% 에탄올 용매를 사용하여 SCGE (spent coffee grounds 80% ethanol extract, SCGE)을 확보한 후, 그 항산화, 항균 및 항염증 활성을 평가하였다. 분석 결과, SCGE는 221.31 TAE mg/g의 폴 리페놀과 321.66 QE mg/g 플라보노이드 함량을 보였으며, 이는 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성과 유의한 상관성을 나타내었다. 또한 SCGE는 여드름 원인균인 Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes)에 대한 항균 활성을 보였으며, RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 LPS 및 C. acnes 자극으로 유도된 염증 반응을 억제 하였다. 특히, nitric oxide (NO) 생성 억제와 더불어 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현 감소가 확인되었 다. 나아가 SCGE을 함유한 에멀전 제형은 안정적인 물리적, 화학적 특성을 보여 화장품 소재로서의 적 용 가능성을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 SCGE가 항산화, 항균 및 항염증 활성을 동시에 갖춘 지속 가 능한 기능 화장품 원료로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Smart factory technology, a core component of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, demonstrates significant disparities in technological development across countries. To quantitatively assess these international technology gaps, this study proposes an integrated analytical framework that combines text mining-based topic modeling and social network analysis (SNA), using global smart factory-related patent data from 2017 to 2023. Approximately 4,300 patent documents (titles and abstracts) were collected through the GPASS system and preprocessed. Through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) modeling with optimized hyperparameters, major technology topics were identified. Semantic interpretation using ChatGPT and expert review enabled the assignment of precise topic labels, which were further mapped to CPC (Cooperative Patent Classification) codes to construct a standardized technology taxonomy. Subsequently, the network structures of topic and classification nodes were analyzed by country (China, the United States, and South Korea), and the relative importance of key technology areas was evaluated using centrality metrics such as degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector centrality. The analysis revealed that, globally, the most central technology areas include manufacturing process management and control, IoT and data-driven decision making, and facility-based process optimization. At the national level, China showed a strategic focus on technologies related to product quality improvement and cost reduction, South Korea emphasized IoT-enabled technologies and equipment-level optimization, while the United States prioritized control systems and data-driven project management. By utilizing patent-based textual data, this study offers a novel methodology for quantitatively diagnosing structural differences in national technological capabilities. The proposed framework provides valuable insights for country-specific R&D planning and strategic decision-making in the field of smart manufacturing.

현대 청소년은 경제적 어려움, 가정해체, 정신건강 악화, 학업 스트레스 등 복합적 위기에 직면해 있다. 드림스타트, 교육복지우선지원사업, 청소년동반자사업 등은 일정한 성과를 거두었음에도, 부처 간 칸막이와 서비스 단절 등 일련의 문제점을 드러냈다. 이런 문제를 극복하기 위한 대안으로 2025년 1월 <학생맞춤통합지원법>이 제정되었고, 이 법에 근거해 2026년 1월부터 ‘통합교육맞춤지원사업’이 시행될 예정이다. 본 논문은 이러한 한국의 청소년복지정책의 변화를 분석한다. 통합교육맞춤지원사업 은 교육·복지·보건을 아우르는 생애주기별 통합 지원체계 구축을 목표로 하며, 예방 중심, 통합 중심, 개인 중심의 사례관리 원칙을 강조한다. 본 논문은 통합교육맞춤지원사업의 법적 기반, 전달체계, 정보 시스템, 인력 등을 검토하고, 나아가 이 사업의 정책적·실천적 의의를 분석한다. 통합교육맞춤지원사업 이 청소년복지 전달체계의 현대화와 국가 책임성 강화의 계기가 될 수 있도록 우리 사회가 노력할 필요 가 있다고 본 논문은 제언한다.

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a prevalent condition among Taekwondo athletes, often associated with pain, psychological factors, and impaired physical performance. However, few studies have investigated the relationship among ankle muscle strength, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical performance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Objects: This study aimed to examine the relationship between ankle muscle strength, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical performance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Methods: Forty Taekwondo athletes with CAI participated in the study. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and kinesiophobia was measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). Physical performance was evaluated using the single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ) and single-leg hop for distance. The strength of the ankle muscles is measured using a Smart KEMA strength sensor. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine relationships among variables. Results: SLVJ showed a significant negative correlation with VAS (r = –0.506, p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with strength of the ankle inversion with dorsiflexion (IDF) (r = 0.356, p < 0.05). VAS was negatively correlated with strength of the ankle eversion with plantarflexion (r = –0.365, p < 0.05), IDF (r = –0.371, p < 0.05) and inversion with plantarflexion (r = –0.370, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between TSK-11 and physical performance, pain, or ankle muscle strength outcomes. Conclusion: Pain intensity and ankle muscle strength in specific ankle positions are associated with SLVJ in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. These findings suggest that the intensity of pain and the strength of the ankle evertor and invertor at specific ankle joint positions should be considered when evaluating Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Furthermore, managing pain and implementing strengthening exercises for the ankle evertor and invertor can be recommended to improve SLVJ.

Background: Decreased respiratory muscle strength in patients with stroke may cause breathing difficulties, and cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity may decline, which may reduce balance and gait ability. Objects: This study aimed to determine the influence of improved respiratory muscle strength on the recovery of balance and gait ability at discharge in patients with stroke. Methods: This prospective observational study involved 21 patients clinically diagnosed with stroke. Multiple regression models with a forward selection procedure were used to investigate whether the improvement of respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure [MIP] and maximal expiratory pressure) can contribute to the recovery of balance (Trunk Impairment Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Brunel Balance Assessment, and five times sit-to-stand) and gait (10-meter walk test, timed up and go, and 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) ability. Results: In the forward selection regression analysis, MIP was an influencing factor, accounting for 36.2% of the variance in the 6MWT. Conclusion: This result suggests that an improvement in MIP influences the increase in distance in the 6MWT. Therefore, it is important to evaluate respiratory muscle strength. Inspiratory muscle strengthening can recommended improving endurance and functional walking ability in patients with stroke.

This study aims to analyze the expressive characteristics and aesthetic meanings of the uncanny in digital fashion, exploring its potential as a significant aesthetic device within contemporary fashion discourse. Drawing on theoretical frameworks by Freud, Heidegger, and Lacan, the study examines how digital fashion imagery disrupts conventional aesthetic norms through uncanny visual expressions that evoke psychological tension and perceptual ambiguity. A combined methodology of comprehensive literature review and systematic empirical case analysis was employed. A total of 96 digital fashion examples were collected from platforms including Google, YouTube, Showstudio and Instagram between January 2020 and March 2025. Selection criteria specifically targeted images exhibiting morphological variability, sensory instability, and ontological uncertainty, which are the three core expressive characteristics identified through both theoretical insights and empirical analysis. The results confirmed the consistent presence of these expressive characteristics in digital fashion works and further illuminated their aesthetic implications: digital fashion reconfigures the sensory framework, blurs ontological boundaries, and expands aesthetic experience by challenging viewers’ perceptual and cognitive expectations. In conclusion, this study deepens understanding of digital fashion aesthetics by systematically examining the uncanny within digital contexts and highlights the potential of digital fashion to expand aesthetic boundaries and possibilities for expressions based on sensory experiences.

Despite its historical association with oppression, fear, and marginalized femininity, modern reinterpretations of the figure of the witch position it as a symbolic entity combining historical context and literary imagination. This study analyzes contemporary fashion designs that incorporate witch imagery, focusing on the designs' representational methods and aesthetic characteristics. It includes a literature review examining evolving perceptions of witches across different eras as well as visual and formal analyses of post-2010 fashion collections, using image and text materials from Showstudio.com and other online sources. In various realms of visual culture–including art, film and drama, advertising, product design, and halloween costumes–the image of the witch is no longer confined to traditional iconography. Instead, it is continuously reimagined, taking on expanded and multifaceted meanings that attest to its unique and evolving nature. This study identifies two primary expressive types: direct iconographic appropriation, employing traditional motifs such as pointed hats, black cloaks, and pentacles; and metaphorical suggestion, using dark tones, deconstructed silhouettes, and layered styling to imply the witch's essence. The analyses also highlight three aesthetic characteristics: empowered sensuality, expressed through sheer fabrics and dramatic makeup; supernatural mysticism, combining natural and occult symbols; and uncanny playfulness, which subverts traditional motifs through fantasy and humor. Ultimately, the witch in contemporary fashion serves as both a stylistic code and a visual signifier of cultural narrative and identity. This reimagining has contributed to the development of new aesthetic systems in fashion and broadened the visual culture and design innovation discourse.

본 연구는 우즈베키스탄 자동차 산업 발전에 있어 리버스 엔지니어링 의 역할을 탐구하며, 특히 노나카와 타케우치의 지식 창출 모델(SECI Model)과의 통합에 중점을 두고 있다. 우즈베키스탄이 경쟁력 있는 국내 산업을 구축하고자 노력함에 따라, 리버스 엔지니어링은 해외 기술의 습 득, 적용, 그리고 국산화를 가능하게 했다. 본 연구는 정성적 사례 연구 접근법을 활용하여 기업 보고서, 정책 문서, 학술 문헌을 바탕으로 1996 년부터 2024년까지의 발전 상황을 분석한다. 연구 결과에 따르면 리버스 엔지니어링은 지식 이전과 혁신을 지원해 왔지만, 제한된 R&D 역량, 수 입 부품 의존도, 그리고 취약한 지식재산권 보호 등의 과제가 여전히 남 아 있다. 이러한 장벽을 극복하기 위해 본 연구는 전략적 정책, 국내 혁 신에 대한 투자 확대, 그리고 AI 기반 설계 프로세스 도입을 권고한다.

이 논문은 한국교회의 괄목할 성장에 기여한 역사적, 정치적, 인류학적 요소들을 연구한다. 연구자는 한국교회 성장을 용이하게 한 몇몇 핵심 요소들과 더불어 하나님의 완벽한 타이밍의 역사가 결정적이라고 주장한 다. 역사적으로, 이 논문은 가톨릭교회의 초기 순교와 북한 그리스도인들의 공헌들에 진 빚을 강조한다. 성경의 한국어 번역과 네비우스 방법의 영향 역시 역설한다. 정치적으로, 이 논문은 정치적 불확실성과 독립과 민주화 운동들에 교회의 참여가 어떻게 성장을 촉진했는가를 연구한다. 인류학적 으로, 이 논문은 어떻게 그리스도교가 한국인들이 느끼는 필요들, 특히 사회적 불평등들과 종교적 진공상태들을 충족시켰는지 초점을 맞춘다. 이 논문은 최근의 한국감리교회의 감소세를 강조하며 물질적인 복의 지나친 강조와 일상생활로부터 신앙의 분리 등을 지속적 교회 성장의 장애물들로 언급함으로써 결론을 맺는다. 연구자는 지속적인 한국교회의 성장을 위한 방향들로 영적인 복의 새로운 강조와 깊숙한 공동체 참여와 믿음과 삶의 전체적 통합(성속일여) 등을 제안한다.