톱다리개미허리노린재(Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius))는 콩과 작물을 가해하는 해충으로 국내 대부분의 지역에서 발견된다. 톱다리개미 허리노린재는 성충 수명이 길고 발육기간이 짧아 야외에서 여러 세대가 혼재되어 발생하고 있어 각 세대를 구분하기 어렵다. 특히, 제2세대 성충 의 발생시기는 콩의 착협기와 일치하여 큰 피해를 주고 있어, 제1세대 성충의 방제는 제2세대 밀도를 감소시켜 콩과 작물의 피해를 줄이는데 도움 이 될 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구는 약충기간의 광주기가 성충의 체색변이에 영향을 주는 특성을 이용하여 야외 포장에서 월동세대와 제1 세대의 발생시기를 구분하였다. 또한 톱다리개미허리노린재 개체군 모형을 수립하고 적용하여 이를 검증하였다. 여름형 성충의 비율이 20% 이 상 되는 시기를 제1세대 톱다리개미허리노린재 성충의 발생시기로 추정할 수 있으며, 이는 제2세대 성충의 밀도를 억제하기 위한 방제시기를 결 정하는데 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

White-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is known as a long-range migratory pest in Asia. Although exact primary source of S. furcifera in Korea remains unknown. We used twelve microsatellite markers (SSR) to analyze the population genetic structure of the pest. We collected S. furcifera from Asia in 2012 (Korea, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and four different sites of Bangladesh), 2013 (China, Nepal, Thailand, two different sites of Bangladesh, and fifteen different sites of Korea), and 2014 (four different sites of China and ten different sites of Korea). To verify the genetic variance, we used STRUCTURE program to obtain structure analysis of K and K showed in three components in genetic clustering. Result in sample 2012, similar genetic structure showed in Korea and Vietnam. In 2013 and 2014, various genetic structure revealed in different sites of Korea and Asian population genetic structure appeared as on large panmictic population. Furthermore, we tested migration pathway to see the probable source and reciplent populations of first generation migrants in S. furcifera. In 2012, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and four different sites of Bangladesh showed the potential source of S. furcifera. In 2013, we observed S. furcifera in Korea was more likely originated from Nepal and Bangladesh. Various migration pathway showed in fifteen different sites of Korea as panmictic population. Lastly in 2014, the migration pathway indicated that S. furcifera migrates from China to Korea. Seemingly, S. furcifera in Asia display as large panmictic population and more study is acquire to verify the origin source.

White-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), has been a serious migratory pest in Korea. It is important to figure out the migration route and gene flow of S. furcifera. Microsatellite marker (SSR) shows high efficiency as molecular markers. Unfortunately, various microsatellite marker of S. furcifera has not been developed to see genetic diversity. S. furcifera samples were collected from Vietnam, Laos and three different sites of Bangladesh in 2012. We extracted DNA by using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and ran next generation DNA sequencer (NGS) Roche 454 to develop a new microsatellite marker. Roughly, about 18 singleton primers and 14 contigs primers were found. We will test these primers with S. fucifera DNA samples, and figure out the accurate new microstatellite marker.

Cold hardiness is an important trait for insects, that enables them to survive during the winter and develop in the next season, and to extend their range. Lycorma delicatula (White), which became an important sporadic pest in grapevines and some other fruit trees, has spread rapidly to the most of regions in South Korea. This study was conducted to determine the cold hardiness of overwintered L. delicatula eggs according to geographical variation. We collected overwintering eggs in the five sites, Chuncheon, Suwon, Yeongdong, Gunsan, Daegu, on 22~25th Feb. in 2011. We treated eggs to combinations of different temperatures (-15℃, -20℃, -25℃) and exposure time (12hr, 24hr, 3days, 5days, 7days) after chilling them for 24~26 days at 5℃. And then, they were kept in the room temperature. We only analysed three sites of Suwon, Gunsan and Daegu, because of very low hatching rate at Chuncheon and Yeongdong. There were significant effects of time (F=36.97 d.f.=4 P<0.0001), sites (F=17.28 d.f.=2 P<0.0001), and the interaction of time and temperature (F=5.77 d.f.=5 P<0.0001) at -15℃. At -20℃, eggs hatched only at 12hr and 24hr of exposure treatment. All eggs treated at -25℃ failed to hatch. It appears that -25℃ is around the critical temperature.

Effectiveness of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was investigated in the commercial tomato greenhouse from January to June, 2010. Densities of T. vaporariorum were monitored using the yellow sticky trap for adult, and a lupe (x10) for 4th instar nymph and pupa at 1 week interval. Tomato seedlings were transplanted in mid-January and the nymph and adult of T. vaporariorum were first discovered in February 4th. E. formosa was applied as a mummy card at a recommended density (3 parasitoids per 1m2) at 2 weeks interval for 8 times. Mummy cards were collected 2 weeks later and the emergence and survival ratio of E. formosa were examined. Density of adult T. vaporariorum was significantly lower in the treatment plot (F=42.48, p=0.0001). The control efficiency ranged from 57.3% to 88.5%. The nymphal density was also significantly lower in the treatment plot (F=8.85, p=0.0053). The control efficiency was 84% on 25th March, 75% on 18th May and 95% on 25th May. Maximum 50% parasitism by E. formosa occurred in the treatment plot. The emergence and survival rates of E. formosa on mummy cardboards that were released in the greenhouse during February to March were only 53% and 41%, respectively. These rates increased to >70% as the temperature rises.

We studied to develop a forecasting model to predict the hatching time of overwintered eggs of Lycorma delicatula. We collected overwintering egg masses on 1st February, 17th February and 4th March. After chilling them at 5℃ for 15 days, development of eggs was investigated at six constant temperature (35, 31, 27, 23, 19, 15℃). The hatching rate of egg was highest at 23℃ (87.88±19.32%) followed by 19℃ (87.71±21.47%), 27℃ (75.96±24.82%), and 31℃ (30.92±24.81%). Eggs did not survive at 35℃. The developmental duration of eggs was 39.47±2.24, 22.96±3.25, 17.56±1.58 and 12.15±6.29, at 19, 23, 27 and 31℃, respectively. The egg developmental rate was described with a linear model (eq. Y=0.0034X-0.0364 (r=0.9649)) between 19℃ and 31℃. The lower developmental threshold temperature was 10.71℃ and effective accumulated temperature for egg development was 286.40 Degree days.