The impact of customer involvement in NSD on customer loyalty is still unknown, because most studies examine loyalty perceptions of only active participants in co-creation, while the few studies involving co-creation observers provide conflicting results. Research is also limited, as it measures user participation only at the design level, while customers are empowered to participate at all NSD stages. This study contributes to the literature by developing a model capturing the various levels of customer involvement in NSD co-creation and then, measuring its impacts on two type of user loyalty: brand loyalty and loyalty on innovation community. Data were collected from users of the Domino’s Mogul pizza toolkit empowering them to participate in all NSD stages and also to become pizza entrepreneurs by designing and selling their pizzas. Findings comparing the brand loyalty and the innovation community loyalty perceptions of users with various levels of co-creation involvement provide useful insights.

Petrushyna, Marianna. 2017. “Enticing Challengeable: Mundane Questions as a Resource for Managing Face in Religious Arguments”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 131~164. From the perspective of conversation analysis this paper investigates mundane interrogation employed in order to entice a challengeable in the conflict talk produced in the context of arguments on religious topic. This research aims at identifying how the ‘face’ management in religious arguments is conducted through the practice of enticing challengeable, which draws upon the use of mundane questions employed in the religious debates. It is proposed that one of the crucial features of conflict discourse/argument, can be grasped in terms of the participants’ face work which is analyzed through the prism of Goffmanian perspective and the study of Bakhtin. Through face work the party representing a religion orients to managing not only his own face but also the face of the invisible third party or the ‘Superaddressee’, whose presence is invoked as basis for formulating an argument or counter-argument. The findings suggest identifying the discursive features of argument construction, such as the formulation of mundane questions and the reversal of the questioner-answer relationship, furnishing the participants with crucial interactional resources for managing the face of the participants (and that of the ‘God’ as the third party).

Manganese is an alloying element that improves the hardenability of steels. It could be a valid substitute in sintered steels, increasing mechanical properties. The hardenability of three low alloy Mn steels was studied to establish the influence of manganese on the heat treatments. The Grossmann approach was adopted, which uses cylinders with different diameters to induce different gradients of cooling rate in the cross section. The correlation of microstructure and microhardness to the actual cooling rate makes the results independent on the process parameters and applicable to each industrial condition, once the actual cooling rate in the parts is known.

The inhibition of cell recovery might be proceeded via either the damage of the mechanism of the recovery itself or via the formation of irreversible damage which could not be repaired at all. Both these processes may take place at the same time. Any of t