The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and intracellular anti-inflammatory efficacy of blueberry leaf extracted with hot water (BLW), 70% ethanol (BLE), and 70% acetone (BLA) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of blueberry leaf extracts, RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the production of inflammation-related factors, which were measure by Western blotting and real-time PCR methods. i-NOS, COX-2 protein, and mRNA expression showed concentration-dependent decrease. The decreases in the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were concentration-dependent. Further, the antioxidant effects of blueberry leaf on total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity were evaluated. The total polyphenol contents of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 217.04±2.98, 156.72±3.90, and 182.88±3.02 mg TAE/g, respectively, while the electron donating abilities at 1,000 μg/mL of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 81.7, 79.6, and 79.3%, respectively. The ABTS+ radical scavenging activity was fond to be concentration dependent. The nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition activities at 50 μg/mL of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 35.1, 42.4 and 42.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory test results indicate that blueberry leaf extracts (BLW, BLE, and BLA) can be used as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different light-emitting diode (LED) on the stress response of workers before and after a flower arrangement (FA) activity. Participants were 16 office workers who performed FA under 7 out of 8 LED lighting conditions: darkness, white (at correlated color temperature of 4,500 K), red, blue, green, magenta, cyan, and yellow; no FA is performed in the darkness condition. To identify significant differences among the different lighting conditions, the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV) consisting of standard deviation of the normal-normal intervals (SDNN), total power (TP), ratio of the low and high frequency (LF/HF), and blood pressure were measured before and after FA. The salivary cortisol level was analyzed immediately after FA. The correlations among HR, HRV, and cortisol showed that the blue and green lights positively affected stress-responses and caused considerable reduction of stress. However, there was only a minor significant difference among other lighting colors, although individual lights may impact one or more parameters. These findings reflect that the methodologies and results of this study can be effectively used to achieve a highly active horticultural therapy with the constructive assistance of LED lighting colors.

이 연구는 중․고등학교 국어 교과서를 대상으로 하여 다문화에 대한 관점이 어떻게 기 술되고 있는지에 초점을 두고 분석을 시도하였다. 교과서가 실현하고 있는 다문화 관련 내 용들이 다문화를 어떤 방향으로 구현하고 있는지를 분석하여, 국어교육에서 인식하고 있는 다문화관련 담론의 현주소를 파악하고, 비판적 담론의 관점에서 다문화 관련 담론의 기술 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 연구자는 2009 개정 국어과 교육과정에 근거하여 개발된 중학교 국어 교과서 13종, 고등학교 국어교과서 11종을 연구 대상으로 삼아 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 교육과정 내의 다문화 담론을 분석하고, 그를 통해 교과서를 분석할 관점과 방법을 도출하여 연구를 진행하였는데, 특히 다문화성을 논의할 수 있는 핵심으로 설 정된 타자의 문제에 중점을 두고 분석을 진행하였다. 분석결과 동일시에 가까운 타자는 한 정된 존재로 규정되어 있었고, 의도적 거리두기의 대상으로 설정된 존재는 그 거리감을 강조하는 방식으로 기술되어 있었다. 또한 기존의 규범과 질서를 강조하고 그것이 지켜지는 범주 속에서 다문화 담론이 이야기되고 있었다. 즉 ‘우리’라는 다수의 편향된 시각이 바라보는 ‘그들’로 다문화가 설정되어 있는 문제가 확인되었다.