In this study, the wind response characteristics of a transmission tower are investigated through stochastic analysis considering the dynamics of a transmission line, The assemblage of the transmission line and insulator are modeled as a double pendulum system connected to the SDOF model of the tower. It is observed that the background component of the overturing moment induced by the wind response of the transmission line has considerable portion in the total overtuming moment. Based on this observation, a rotational viscoelastic damper is proposed for the suppression of the transmission line response to reduce wind load on the transmission tower. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed damper, time history analysis is conducted for various wind velocities. From the result of the analysis, the proposed damper is proved to be effective in the reduction of the background component rather than the resonance component of the support reaction of the transmission line.

This paper proposes substructuring method using experimental model of only upper MDOF structure and verifies its applicability to shaking table test. The structure considered in the test is a five-stoty shear type building model which is divided into two parts, of which one is lower three floors for a numerical substructure and the other is upper two floors for a experinlental substructure. The experimental substructure is excited by the shaking table and the acceleration data for the input of shaking table is obtained numerically from lower numerical part. For implementation of the proposed substructuring method, a controller of the shaking table is designed reflecting experimental model. In comparison with acceleration responses, which are measured from experinlental part of 3rd, 4th, and 5th floor and are numerically calculated from the original five-stoty structure, it is observed that the experimental results match well with the numerical results in both time and frequency domain.

In this study, equivalent linear damping and stiffness of a single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) structure with a rotational friction damper are estimated using the result of experiments and compared with those obtained from non-linear time history analyses. First, the transfer function of the test model is constructed and then the equivalent stiffness and damping are calculated, using the half-power bandwidth (HPB) method. For comparative study, those properties are estimated based on stochastic theory in the time domain. Both equivalent linear systems identified from experiments and numerical analyses correspond well. Further, it is observed that there exists an optimal clamping force on the rotational friction damper from estimated equivalent damping.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a MR fluid damper for seismic vibration control of a structure in terms of equivalent linear damping or stiffness based on linearization technique and to experimentally verify the results from linearization technique by comparing them to those from system identification of a building structure with MR damper. First, among the various models for MR damper, the equivalent stiffness and damping are estimated for Bingham model which is mathematically simple and for Bouc-Wen model which can describe any kind of hysteretic behavior. Second, transfer function of a building structure with MR damper is obtained by performing shaking table tests and the stiffness and damping matrices of the structure are constructed using the modal information obtained by the transfer function. It is observed that the damping mathematically estimated using linearization technique for Bingham model matches well with the damping coefficient experimentally obtained by system identification.

In this paper, the preliminary design procedure of magnetorheological (MR) dampers is developed for controlling the building response induced by seismic excitation. The dynamic characteristics and control effects of the modeling methods of MR dampers such as Bingham, biviscous, hysteretic biviscous, simple Bouc-Wen, Bouc-Wen with mass element, and phenomenological models are investigated. Of these models, hysteretic biviscous model which is simple and describes the hysteretic characteristics, is used for numerical studies. The capacity of MR damper is determined as a portion of not the building weight but the lateral restoring force. A method is proposed for optimal placement and number of MR dampers, and its effectiveness is verified by comparing it with the simplified sequential search algorithm. Numerical results indicate that the capacity, number and the placement can be reasonably determined using the proposed design procedure

In this paper, the stiffness and damping matrices are experimentally constructed using the structural modal information on frequencies, damping ratio and modal vectors, which are obtained by shaking table tests. Free vibration, harmonic and white noise vibration tests are performed. The acceleration of the shaking table was used as the input signal, and the resulting accelerations of each floor were measured as output signals. The characteristics and limitations of modal information from the each test are compared. The results of this study would be a basic resource of the analytical and experimental studies on the system identification of structures

This paper presents equivalent linear system for 76-story benchmark building with nonlinear tuned liquid column damper (TLCD). The response characteristic of benchmark building for the deterministic wind loads is investigated. And then, the equivalent linear system is obtained first in terms of equivalent linear damping and second in terms of equivalent single degree of freedom system. Numerical results show that these equivalent linear systems can almost exactly predict the controlled structural responses when compared with the nonlinear TLCD system. Finally, an equation for estimating the peak response of structure subjected to harmonic load is derived. This equation does not require any iteration process which is essential in the analysis using equivalent linear system for TLCD.

본 논문은 축소 3층 건물의 최상층에 능동질량형 제어장치를 설치한 시스템에 관한 식별실향분석이다. OKID기법을 적용하여 진동대 및 제어장치의 가진 입력과 건물 및 제어장치의 응답인 출력관계를 분석하여 수학모델을 구하였다. 제어장치가 설치된 건물에 관한 입력은 진동대에 의한 지반가속도와 제어장치 모터의 구동신호이다 그리고 출력은 건물 각층과 제어장치의 가속도이다. 입출력 관계로 구하여진 수학모델을 바탕으로 제어장치의 최적설계를 수행하였으며 수치해석과 실험결과를 비교한바 서로 일치함을 확인할 수 있었다.

In the capacity spectrum method (CSM), the peak response of an inelastic system under a given earthquake load is estimated transforming the system into the equivalent elastic one. This paper presented estimating the peak inelastic response is evaIuated by the CSM. The equivalent period and damping are calculated using the ATC-40, Gülkan, Kowalsky, and Iwan methods, and the performance points are obtained according the procedure B of ATC-40. Analysis results indicate that the ATC-40 method generaIly underestimates the peak response, while the Gülkan and Kowalsky methods overestimate the responses. The Iwan method produces the values between those by the ATC-40 method and the Gülkan and Kowalsky methods, and estimates the reponses relatively closer to the exact ones. Further, it is found that the Kowalsky method gives the negative equivalent damping ratios depending on the hardening ratios, and thereby can not be used to estimate the responses in some cases.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimal placement of MR dampers for the vibration control of building structures. The dynamic characteristics of Bingham model, Simple Bouc-Wen model, Simple Bouc•Wen model with Mass Element and Spencer model for the modeling of MR dampers, were investigated. By performing the numerical analysis of SDOF system excited by harmonic, white noise, and seismic load, the type and amplitude of excitation which are important design factors of MR dampers were considered. Finally, Four cases for placement of MR dampers installed at 20-story building structure were considered and the corresponding results indicate that the case installing MR dampers sequentially at the story with maximum inter-story drifts provides the best performance.

In this study, the control perfomances of Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) and Tuned Liquid Column Damper (TLCD) are evaluated and compared for seismically excited structures. Results show that TLCD is more effective than TMD for interstory drift control while TLCD is as effective as TMD for acceleration control. In special, it is shown that interstory drifts are maximally controlled in lower floors and accelerations are reduced most in upper floors. This indicates that TLCD is an effective controller for earthquake-induced structures in terms of structural safety as well as serviceability.

The purpose of this paper is to present a design method for friction damper (FD) for inelastic response control of short-period structure. A critical design parameter of FD is maximum friction force (MFF) and previous study evaluated MFF using equivalent damping ratio which is based on the maximum displacement. This procedure, however, gives the overestimated MFF for short-period structure. In this study, MFF of FD is evaluated based on RMS displacement response which is obtained by using given maximum response and peak factor. Numerical analysis shows that proposed method provide a reasonable MFF of FD for short-period structure.

The purpose of this study is to propose the general method for evaluating the equivalent damping ratios of a structure with supplemental response control dampers. We define Lyapunov function of which derivative can be expressed in autoregressive form and evaluate the equivalent damping ratios by using Lyapunov function and its derivative. This Lyapunov function may be called as generalized structural energy. In this study, it is assumed that the response of a structure is stationary random process and control dampers do not affect the modal shapes of a structure, and the structure has proportional damping. Proposed method can be used to get the equivalent damping ratios of a structure with non-linear control dampers such as friction dampers as well as linear control dampers. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, we evaluate the equivalent damping ratios of a structure with viscous dampers, AMDs, and friction dampers. The equivalent damping ratios from proposed method are compared to those from eigenvalue analysis for linear control dampers, and those from time history analysis for non-linear control dampers, respectively.

Sliding mode control(SMC) keeps responses of a structure in sliding surface when the structure is stable. Recently, this method has been investigated for application to seismically excited civil engineering structures because it can design both linear controller and non-linear controller such as bang-bang controller. This paper presents vibration control of the SDOF system using saturated sliding mode controller, of which maximum conrtol force is limited. It is assumed that the response of a structure is stationary random process and control dampers do not affect the modal shapes, and the structure has proportional damping. SMC method can be used to get the equivalent damping ratios of a SDOF system with non-linear control dampers such as friction dampers as well as linear control dampers. The determinated equivalent damping ratios and numerical simulation results indicate that the performance of saturated SMC method is verified.

성능지수는 제어 대상이 되는 구조물의 응답과 제어기의 성능에 관한 가중함수로 구성되어 있다. 따라서 가중함수의 설계에 따라 성능지수가 변화되며 제어 효율이 달라진다. 본 논문에서는 최적 능동제어 알고리듬의 일종인 시간 영역에서의 성능지수를 고려한 LQR기법과 LQG기법 및 주파수 영역에서의 성능지수를 고려한 H기법에 대하여 동일한 가중함수를 적용하여 제어 성능인 제어율과 제어력을 비교하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 그러나, LQG기법은 모든 상태 변수를 알아야 하는 LQR기법의 한계를 극복할 수 있으며 LQR기법과 동일 수준의 제어율과 제어력을 보이고 있고 출력 제어라는 장점을 고려하면 현실적인 기법이라고 말할 수 있다. 마지막으로 구조물 응답과 제어기의 주파수 특성을 고려하여 주파수 필터의 가중함수를 설계하는 H기법을 분석하였다. H기법은 제어력을 저주파수 영역에 집중시킬 수 있기 때문에 구조물 응답을 효과적으로 제어할 수 있는 방법으로 분석되었다.

지진력을 받는 건물의 응답을 능동적으로 제어하기 위해서는 건물의 응답을 측정하고, 이것을 바탕으로 제어력을 산정하여야 한다. 제어력의 산정 방법에는 여러 제어 알고리듬이 적용이 될 수 있는데, 2차 성능지수를 이용하는 LQ제어는 해석의 용이함과 제어의 효율성으로 인하여 널리 쓰이고 있다. 그러나, LQ제어에는 실시간으로 계측이 된 건물의 지반과의 상대 변위 및 속도를 필요로 하나 이러한 상태 변수를 계측하기가 매우 어려워 건물의 제어를 위한 적용에 한계가 있다. 따라서, 계측이 용이한 건물의 절대 가속도를 바탕으로 관측이 용이한 건물의 절대 가속도를 바탕으로 관측기를 이용하여 상태 변수를 추정하여 제어력을 산정하는 LQC 제어 알고리듬이 지진력을 받는 건물에 대한 실용적인 알고리듬이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 LQC 알고리듬의 성능을 검증하기 위하여 능동제어추진기가 설치된 축소 1층 모형에 대한 해석 및 실험을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 LQC 알고리듬의 제어 효율을 확인할 수 있었다.

In this study, multipoint dynamic vertical displacement of liquid in the tuned liquid damper (TLD) is measured by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) and a Galvanometer scanner to overcome limitations of existing sensors and to leverage noncontact sensing.