Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are defend on feeds for their larvae and adult bees` healthy life. The nectar is carbohydrate source for making energy. We are extract several sugars from plants for using carbohydrate source to bee. 3 sugar source was extracted from plants (watermelon, cabbage, and mandarin). Almost sample showed high level of insecticidal rate and low level feed intake rate. We were selected 2 type of cabbage sugar syrup that low level insecticidal rate and high level feed intake rate (No 6 cabbage(+fructose) was mixed with 10% fructose and No. 7 cabbage(+pollen) was made with 10 % pollen). Cabbage sugar solution has much more impurities than purified sugar. So, No.6 and No 7 sample can do up-regulation of antimicrobial genes (apideacin, defencin, abacin, and hymenopteacin). Cabbage sugar solution has much more impurities than purified sugar. Our results suggest that up-regulation of antimicrobial genes might be involved in worker through carbohydrate impurities related immune pathways.

Control mating is important aspect in bee breeding programs. The technique of artificial insemination is the possible one that can surely control mating of the selected drones with the virgin queen. This is the first time applied artificial insemination technique to control mating of A. cerana in Korea. Altogether 18 queens were artificially inseminated, and 2,000 drones of Korean A. cerana were used to evaluate amount of semen collection. Semen of A. cerana is much difficult to separate from mucus in comparing with A. mellifera. The average amount of semen can be collected from one A. cerana drone was 0.09 μl, whereas the A. mellifera was more than 6 times (0.58 μl semen per A mellifera drone). Obtaining 1 μl of semen have to collect from 11.94 drones that successful semen ejection and have to kill 17 A. cerana drones. Queens artificially inseminated with 4 μl of semen (once insemination) or 8 μl of semen (twice insemination, each with 4 μl of semen) started laying egg later than naturally mated queens 5.3 and 2.5 days, respectively. The onsets of oviposition of artificially inseminated queens were 12.5 to 15.3 days. Queens received twice inseminations started laying eggs 2.8 days earlier than those received only once insemination. Artificially inseminated queens produced exclusively brood and were similar as the naturally mated ones. The brood production of the queens received once insemination with 4 μl of semen was insignificantly different than those received twice inseminations or naturally mated ones, suggesting that one artificial insemination with 4 μl of semen is favorable.

The technique of artificial insemination is the possible one that can surely control mating of the selected drones with the virgin queen. This technique was first time applied with A. cerana in Korean. The average amount of semen can collected from one Korean A. cerana drone was 0.09 μl and 0.1 μl of Vietnamese one, whereas the A. mellifera was more than 6 times (0.58 μl semen per A mellifera drone). Obtaining 1 μL of semen have to collect from 11.94 drones that successful semen ejection. Queens artificially inseminated with 4 μl of semen (once insemination) or 8 μl of semen twice (each insemination with 4 μl of semen) started laying egg later than naturally mated queens 5.3 and 2.5 days, respectively. The onsets of oviposition of artificially inseminated queens were 12.5 to 15.3 days.

Sustainable tourism is the development of tourism activities to meet the current needs of tourists and indigenous peoples while paying attention to the conservation and improvement of resources for the development of tourism activities in the future (World Tourism Organization, 2013). With the aim of identifying factors affecting the development of sustainable tourism in the South Central Coast of Vietnam, the study conducted a typical survey of 160 tourism managers and 240 tourists traveling or have participated in tourism activities of 8 provinces in the South Central Coast of Vietnam, and used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) analysis and regression analysis for analyzing the data. The research results show that 11 factors impact the development of sustainable tourism in the South Central Coast namely Institutions and policies for tourism development, Infrastructure, Tourism resources, Human resources for tourism, Diversity of tourism services, Relevant support services, Activities of association and cooperation for tourism development, Tourism promotion and encouragement, Tourists’ satisfaction, Local community, and Other factors. At the same time, among the above factors, the factors Institutions and policies for tourism development, Infrastructure, Tourism resources, and Local community strongly impact the development of sustainable tourism in the region.