Over the past decade, the field of sport exercise in China gets increasingly popular, resulting in a nationwide exercise fashion (Schulenkorf, Sherry, & Rowe, 2016; Yu, Li, Liu, & Su, 2015). With this new emerging shift, this study tested the proposed structural model, and specifically tested the mediating effects of dimensions of sport team attachment between runners’ team satisfaction and their runner team building behaviors (Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009). With a sample size of 301, three dimensions of team attachment, team identity, social bonding, and team expectation were found to be significant influencing runners’ in-role team building behavior and participation in the development of this runner team. Other important findings and implications were further discussed.

Following more than thirty-five years of ten percent per annum growth, China is now the second largest economy in the world (Worldbank.org, 2014). Although some cooling has occurred in the past few years, China’s continued growth, expanding middle and upper classes, increasing tendency to follow the rule of law (accelerated by WTO entry in 2001), and a seemingly unlimited labor pool coupled with modest wages, have motivated entry by businesses from around the world. The result? China is an intensely competitive environment, with global companies battling each other for securing supply chain partners and/or developing Chinese domestic markets. And, the competitive battle is not just between global brands. Chinese companies, including State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), are intent on modernizing operations and changing business practices to be able to earn customer loyalty in both domestic and global markets.mostly focused on practices in North America and Europe. Meanwhile, KAM is on the rise in China, with Non-Chinese (WOFEs and JVs) and Chinese suppliers developing KAM platforms. KAM is a system of customer-driven resources dedicated to achieving profitable growth by providing special personnel and/or special activities to an organization’s most important customers (Homburg, Workman, & Jensen, 2000). Through KAM, there is the expectation that vendors benefit (Stevenson, 1981), enhancing profitability through appropriate resource commitments and effective value-based pricing (Ryals, 2006) and through greater switching costs to customers (Sengupta, Krapfel, & Pusateri, 1997). KAM is considered such a valued approach for serving key accounts that Friend and Johnson (2013) call it an “imperative for facilitating a firm’s long-term viability”.Over the past decade, we have interacted with hundreds of Chinese KAM personnel from non-Chinese wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs), joint ventures (JVs) between Chinese and Western partners, and Chinese suppliers, discussing their KAM activities, along with their challenges a nd uncertainties in growing key account relationships. These KAM-involved companies range from component parts manufacturers, financial services providers, and pharmaceutical companies, among many more. In this rapidly evolving landscape, key accounts are located at each step of supply chains. For instance, in consumer markets Western retailers such as Walmart and Carrefour and Chinese retailers such as Bailian (Brilliance) Group in supermarkets and Gome in appliances are among the key accounts pursued by thousands of WOFE/JV and Chinese suppliers. In another instance, while WOFE/JV car manufacturers compete with Chinese car manufacturers such as SAIC Motor Corporation Limited, Chang’an Motors, FAW Group, and Dongfeng Motors, among others, to win the hearts and minds of consumers, nearly countless Chinese and non-Chinese suppliers compete for preferred status with each of these key accounts. The result of the intense competitive landscape across so many industries in China is that KAM is a lever embraced by both Chinese and non-Chinese suppliers.There are many reasons why Western-based KAM research cannot be presumed to apply to China. Among these, China’s market development path and scale, Chinese culture, and the Chinese state capitalism system create conditions that are distinctly China. By taking into account China differences, our major contribution is to introduce a KAM research agenda for China. A China-based KAM research agenda broadens the scope of analysis to one of the most compelling markets in the world. Guided by our knowledge of KAM literature, accompanied by extensive hands-on experience in China, we make propositions regarding conditions where WOFE and JV suppliers are at a competitive advantage or disadvantage relative to Chinese suppliers. We emphasize the role of guanxi relationships and how these relationships affect suppliers and key accounts behaviors including retention of key accounts, information sharing, and demands made by key accounts. We further propose that these relationships are affected by company-to-company matches/mis-matches. Finally, to fully understand the KAM landscape in China, we also encourage an expanded view of issues to include the effects on KAM of the ever-present Chinese government.

본 연구는 국가간 직무가치관이 경영관행과 일치할 때 종업원의 성과가 높다는 적합성 이론을 중국에 적용시켜 한 국가내에서도 적합성 이론이 타당성한지 혹은 적용가능한지를 검증한 논문이다. 기존의 적합성 이론에 따라 추론해 본다면 중국내에서 지역간 직무가치관 차이가 있다면 각 지역문화에 적합한 경영관행을 수립할 때 종업원의 몰입도는 높아질 것으로 예상된다. 분석결과 중국의 경우 홉스테드의 다섯 가지 문화차원 중에서 개인주의 문화차원만이 적합성 이론을 지지하였다. 즉 중국의 다양한 지역에서 상하이와 같은 개인주의가 높은 지역의 종업원일수록 개인성과를 강조하는 경영관행을 수행할 때 종업원의 조직몰입은 높아졌다. 반면 간수성, 산시성 같은 집단주의가 높은 지역의 종업원은 개인적 성과를 너무 강조할 경우 오히려 조직몰입은 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 홉스테드 모형의 지역간 문화차원 분석 적합성에 대한 엄밀한 검증이 필요하다. 홉스테드의 다른 문화차원이 왜 중국내에서 적합성 모형을 지지하지 못하는지 논의되었고 추후 연구 아이디어를 제시하였다.

In the past studies of Lyophlium shimeji, it was reported that the quantity of sufficient starch used as a carbon source was able to supply the factor that allows successful fruit-body formation without raising osmotic pressure in the medium. Glucoamylase are exo Glucosyl hydrolase, which catalyze the release glucose from the nonreducing ends of amylose, amylopectin, and other polysaccharides. Glucoamylase genes are found in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes that use starch as a carbon source. It was believed to be important in the utilization of starch by the basidiomycetous fungus. Glucoamylase activity in the medium increased markedly during fruit-body formation. So study of the characteristic of glucoamylase in Pholiota nameko will provide the basis for P .nameko fruit body formation. In this research, in order to confirm the presence of glucoamylase gene in P. nameko genome, the genomic DNA was prepared from P. nameko NGW19-6 strain and was used as template to amplify the glucoamylases gene (PnGlu1). To prepare genomic DNA from the P. nameko NGW19-6 strain, the mycelium was grown on 10 ml of PD liquid medium (potato 200 g/l ,Glucose 20 g/l) prepared with tap water in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and at 25°C for 7 days. Genomic DNA fragment encoding the glucoamylase protein (PnGlu1) were amplified by PCR with degenerate primer F15-GP2-AF/F15-GP2-BR. The primer pair was designed based on the amino acid sequences GLGEPKF and FDLWEEI, respectively, which are conserved in the glucoamylase protein of Laccaria bicolor. This produce fragments of approximately 400 bp. Next, to amplify the whole genomic clone of PnGlu1, oligonucleotide primer PnGP2F/ PnGP2R were designed based on the nucleotide sequence of DNA fragments amplified by cassette PCR method. The produced fragment has significant homology with glucoamylase of L. bicolor. To investigate the relationship between different composition of medium and glucoamylase expression, we checked the expression level of glucoamylase gene by realtime RT-PCR and measurement of glucoamylase enzyme activity.

Basidiomycetes can degrade lignocellulosic biomass, and some basidiomycetes produce alcohol dehydrogenase, so it is feasible to produce alcohol from basidiomycetes. Agaricus blazei, Flammulina velutipes and Tricholoma matsutake have been used for mushroom fermentation to produce alcohol. To investigate whether Pholilta nameko can be used for mushroom fermentation, and find out the relationship between mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, we cloned mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from P. nameko, which is a zinc-containing long- chain alcohol dehydrogenase. Mpd, the gene encoding mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MPD), has been sequenced and characterized from basiodiomycete P. nameko. The length of the coding region is 1360bp. The gene encodes a putative protein of 359 amino acids; predicted protein molecular weight is 38.6 kDa and an isoelectric point is PI = 7.34. The locations of exons and introns in the gene were deduced on the basis of interruptions in the amino acid sequence that were homologous to those in the MPD of Laccaria bicolor, the coding region was split into 6 exons and 5 introns. The protein deduced from the gene MPD showed more than 46% sequence identity to 20 fungal MPDs or alcohol dehydrogenases documented in the Gene bank protein database, based on BLASTP analysis, and was phylogenetically close to the MPDs of L. bicolor and Coprinopsis cinerea. This protein shared the same conserved domain with the alcohol dehydrogenase.

Soybean has been cultivated in China for 5,000 years. The soybean cyst neamtode (SCN), Heterodra glycines, was recongnized in Northeastern China in 1899. Currently, it is known to occur in 12 provinces. The biology of SCN was investigated in several provinces. Six races of SCN were identified (race 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7). About f10,000 soybean germplasm lines were evaluated for their resistance to race 1, 3, 4 and 5 of SCN. At least two black-seeded cultivars are resistant to all four races. Several tolerant soybean cultivars with yellow seed coat were released and are in production. Additional resistant cultivars are being developed. Nematicides were not applied in production Potential biocontrol agents and related aspects are being investigated.

Based on the survey of East Lake Park, South Lake Park and Tian Waicun in Tai'an by questionnaire survey, on-the-spot investigation and in-depth interview, the paper analyzes the tendencies of visitors to the animal elements and animal landscape in landscape architecture from three terms: primary attributes, the cognition of animal elements and animal elements landscape preferences. We have drawn several conclusions: the landscapes of animal elements are in urgent demand by the public ; The animal elements having lovely image, auspicious meaning and local characteristics are the most popular application types of animal elements landscapes ; The most favorite types of animals and animal elements are: doves, cranes monkeys, pandas, butterflies, dragonflies, fold fish, dolphins, dragons and cartoon animals ; The popular landscaping techniques of animal elements are the methods of combining with plants, buildings and garden ornaments.