Recently, membrane can be prepared by two methods, phase inversion and electrospinning techniques. Phase inversion technique is a conventional but commercially preparation membrane. The most versatile of preparation in this technique is immersion of the cast film into nonsolvent bath, causing dense top layer with a finger-like pattern in the sub layer membrane. The membrane pore size getting from phase inversion is in the range of micro or submicrometer. As a result, it can be used as microfiltration and ultrafiltration applications. A new technique, electrospinning, is introduced for membrane preparation. Nonwoven nanofibrous mat or nanofibrous membrane is obtained. In this technique, electrostatic charge is introduced to the solution jet, causing a thin fiber with high surface area; hence it can be used in the applications where high surface area-to-volume or length-to-diameter ratios are required. Moreover, the pore size can be controlled by controlling the time of electrospinning. Hence, it can be used as a filter for filtering microparticles as well as nanoparticles.

The ferroelectric properties of barium titanate strongly depend on its microstructure, in particular, grain size and distribution. During sintering, usually exhibits abnormal grain growth, which deteriorates considerably the ferroelectric properties. A typical technique to suppress the abnormal grain growth is the addition of dopants. Dopant addition, however, affects the ferroelectric properties and thus limits the application of . Here, we report a simple but novel technique to prevent the abnormal grain growth of and to overcome the limitation of dopant use. The technique consists of stepwise sintering in a reducing atmosphere and in an oxidizing atmosphere. The materials prepared by the present technique exhibit uniform grain size and high dielectric properties. The technique should provide opportunities of having -based materials with superior ferroelectric properties.

UBVI CCD photometry has been obtained for a region around the Wolf-Rayet star WR 12. We found two young stellar associations in the observed field: the nearer one comprises the field members of Vela OBI association at d = 1.8kpc, while the farther one is the young open cluster Bochum 7 (Bo 7) at d = 4.8kpc. The stars associated with Bo 7 showed no central concentration which suggests that Bo 7 is not a young open cluster but simply a local concentration in the density of young stars belonging to the OB association (Vel OB3). These two associations have similar ages but remarkably different mass function slopes (Γ = -2.1 ± 0.3 for Vel OBI and -1.0 ± 0.3 for Bo 7). The stars in Vel OBI shows an evident age spread (ΔT~ 9Myr). We also found two strong Hα emission stars - WR 12 and #1066 - from narrow band Hα photometry.

1) 쇠파리의 누대 실내사육을 위한 온도는 약 가 좋으며, 이때 유충기간은 약 6.8일, 용기간은 5.3일, 산란전기간은 10.4일, 성충의 수명은 약 30일이었다. 2) 인공사육에 있어서 용화율은 우화율은 였으며 성비는 1 : 1이었다. 3) 용의 체중량은 약 14.5mg이었으며, Wheat bran medium 보다 Standard medium이 사육성적이 좋았다. 4) medium 125gr에 대한 난의 접종수는 약 310개가 가장 적합하였다. 5) rectangular cage를 사용할 경우, 성충의 resting place는 가 적합할 것으로 본다.

A stroke is the major cause of death and can cause neurological damage. The striatum serves as an input gate of the basal ganglia in assisting motor behavior. The activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum (DS) is known to play a key role for recovery of motor control after brain injury. Exercise supports functional recovery from ischemic brain injury through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -induced synaptic plasticity. Exercise upregulate the levels of BDNF within both the hippocampus and cerebral cortes and might act as a gate that primes the brain to respond to environmental stimulation, while simultaneously increasing the ability of neurons to resist insult. However, little is known about the effects of exercise on neuroprotection in the DS. Therefore, in this study we attempted to investigate the effects of exercise on the neuronal cell population in the DS. Transient focal brain ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on male Sprague-Dawley rats (300±30). Animals were subjected to forced treadmill exercise group and sedentary group after MCAO. Exercise improved neurologic functions measured by modified neurological severity score. Exercise group showed reduced infarct volume measured by vital staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in the DS with antibodies of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a matured neuronal marker and an astrocyte marker respectively and BDNF. Ischemic injury decreased NeuN+ cell population but exercise attenuated this decrease while increase in GFAP+ cell population induced by MCAO was inhibited by exercise. These findings suggest that the neurological function recovery by exercise after ischemic brain injury may be mediated by alteration of neuronal cell population in the DS.

Genetic background and phylogenetic relationships among 20 Korean wheat cultivars were assessed using microsatellites after amplifying with 13 SSR primer pairs. Average allele number per primer pair was 3.36. Genetic similarities for every pair of cultivars ranged from 0.42 to 0.97, with 0.69 of overall average. Korean cultivars were divided into two major groups based on microsatellite DNA polymorphisms. Group I consisted of relatively old cultivars developed until 1970s, and group II contained the recent cultivars developed during 1980s and 1990s. Amongst old elite cultivars/lines, ‘Yukseung 3’, ‘Norin 12’ and ‘Norin 72’ contributed most to the genetic background of cultivars belonging to group I, and ‘Norin 4’, ‘Norin 12’, ‘Norin 43’ and ‘Norin 72’ to group II, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship of Korean wheat cultivars was in accordance with the genealogical data of each cultivar. The genetic background of each cultivar was assessed from the point of breeding and germplasm management such as variety identification and duplicated accessions for assisting in developing a system for the registration of new variety based on the molecular characterization in future.